IET Energy Systems Integration最新文献

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148089667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transient Stability Improvement of Power System by Assigning Dynamic Converter Limits to Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage","authors":"Abdul Waheed Kumar,&nbsp;Mairaj Ud-Din Mufti,&nbsp;Mohd Hasan Ali","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70022","DOIUrl":"10.1049/esi2.70022","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) concept is implemented to mimic the properties of synchronous generators and therefore improve the stability of modern power systems. Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) is able to rapidly absorb power in the case of a fault and becomes completely charged due to capacity constraints. When the energy storage is fully charged, it goes offline, and it is unable to respond to any subsequent disturbances in a short span of time. Any type of energy storage, which is regarded as the core of VSG technology, is likewise susceptible to the same issue. To address this, the authors present a novel coordinated active-reactive power control of SMES that operates in VSG mode. This control is accomplished by imposing dynamic saturation limits on reactive power. The proposed technique ensures an improvement in transient stability by utilising the converter that is associated with the SMES as a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) when the SMES is completely charged. The proposed control approach is evaluated on a modified 68-bus power system and results in an increase of more than 55 ms in critical clearing time (CCT). The proposed technique is demonstrated in real time utilising the OP-4510 Real Time Digital Simulator.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70022","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145572378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148081602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Coordinated Frequency Control Strategy for Low Inertia Power System Incorporating Fractional-Order Controllers, Inertia Emulation and Plug-in Electric Vehicle","authors":"Sony M.G,&nbsp;Deepak M,&nbsp;Abraham T. Mathew","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70021","DOIUrl":"10.1049/esi2.70021","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Reliable frequency regulation in low-inertia power grids requires the integration of renewable energy sources and energy storage systems. High levels of renewable penetration reduce system inertia, causing deeper frequency nadirs and raising stability concerns. Grid codes mandate effective inertia emulation to limit frequency deviations and manage tie-line power flows in wind-integrated systems. In low-inertia systems lacking support from renewable sources, frequency nadirs can drop sharply. Incorporating fractional-order controllers enhances inertia emulation, and tuning their parameters using the Rao algorithm achieves faster settling times compared to other metaheuristic approaches. Moreover, challenges such as secondary frequency dips can be alleviated by leveraging grid storage, particularly via electric vehicle clusters. This paper proposes a coordinated control strategy that combines inertia emulation, EV storage and fractional-order controllers for low-inertia power systems. The optimal parameters obtained using the Rao algorithm are validated through real-time testing on the Typhoon HIL 402 emulator.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70021","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145521447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148072018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148085065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Active Learning of Microgrid Frequency Dynamics Using Neural Ordinary Differential Equations","authors":"Tara Aryal,&nbsp;Pooja Aslami,&nbsp;Niranjan Bhujel,&nbsp;Hossein Moradi Rekabdarkolaee,&nbsp;Kaiqun Fu,&nbsp;Zongjie Wang,&nbsp;Timothy M. Hansen","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70020","DOIUrl":"10.1049/esi2.70020","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate frequency modelling of inverter-based resource (IBR)-dominated power systems is crucial for ensuring stable, reliable and resilient operations, particularly given their inherent low-inertia characteristics and fast dynamics that traditional swing equation-based models inadequately capture. This paper explores neural ordinary differential equations (Neural ODEs) as a computationally efficient, data-driven framework for modelling power system frequency dynamics, specifically within microgrids integrating high penetrations of distributed energy resources (DERs). The developed neural ODEs framework incorporates a neural network architecture designed to capture input dynamics. By actively perturbing the system with a known signal, the Python-based neural ODEs framework was trained using measured system states and inputs, without the need for detailed system information. The framework, tested on a model of the Cordova, AK, microgrid, achieved a goodness of fit ranging from 60% to 99% across different state variables and maintained a mean square error in the <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mn>1</mn>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mn>0</mn>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>−</mo>\u0000 <mn>6</mn>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation> $1{0}^{-6}$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> p.u. range under square and step excitation signals. The proposed approach demonstrated robustness to measurement noise and initial condition variations while maintaining low computational complexity suitable for real-time power system control applications. Furthermore, transfer learning enabled the neural ODEs model to adapt to the following changes in system topology or generator dispatch, highlighting its effectiveness for dynamic microgrids with frequently evolving configurations and diverse DERs.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70020","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145317381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual Inertia Planning for Enhancing Grid Stability in Low-Inertia Systems","authors":"S. Saha,&nbsp;M. I. Saleem,&nbsp;T. K. Roy,&nbsp;Amanullah M. T. Oo","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70019","DOIUrl":"10.1049/esi2.70019","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The global power grid is undergoing a significant transition with the increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RESs). This shift, characterised by a decline in conventional synchronous generators and a rise in inverter-based RESs, has resulted in reduced grid inertia, posing substantial challenges to frequency stability. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a reliability-aware optimisation framework for virtual inertia planning in grids with high RES penetration. The framework accounts for stochastic variations in load demand and renewable generation and optimises the required virtual inertia to ensure frequency stability during a contingency involving the largest generating unit. A reliability-driven methodology is integrated to determine the necessary virtual inertia constants and energy reserves in battery energy storage systems (BESSs) on an hourly basis, ensuring that the frequency nadir and RoCoF constraints are met under varying system conditions. The case study illustrated how the proposed approach determines BESS virtual inertia support requirements on an hourly basis, adapting to fluctuations in available system inertia and RES output. For instance, at 12:00 corresponding to peak solar generation, the required BESS inertia constant and energy reserve were determined to be 1.65 s and 2.56 MWh for 50% reliability increasing to 3.57 s and 5.27 MWh for 90% reliability. The total BESS capacity required was 76.3 MWh for 90% reliability compared to 46.25 MWh and 57.78 MWh for 50% and 70% reliability, respectively. These results underscore the significance of reliability aware inertia planning as higher reliability levels necessitate greater inertial support to mitigate the impact of contingencies involving the largest generating unit. Notably, during peak solar hours (e.g., 11:00, 13:00 and 15:00), the percentage of frequency constraint violations is reduced from nearly 100% to 4.38%, 9.86% and 7.12%, respectively, when virtual inertia support from BESS is applied at 90% reliability. An economic evaluation was carried out to assess BESS performance under different reliability targets. The results show that although annual benefits remain positive, the benefit–cost ratio declines from 1.12 at 50% to 1.06 at 90% and the NPV decreases from 2.06 M AUD to 1.50 M AUD. This indicates that higher reliability improves frequency stability but requires greater BESS investment, leading to diminishing economic returns. In this context, the proposed framework offers grid operators a decision-making tool to set reliability targets consistent with grid codes, contingency standards and investment capacity.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimised Scheduling of Integrated Energy System Considering Hybrid Electrolyser Hydrogen Production and Refined Hydrogen Utilisation","authors":"Weibin Lin,&nbsp;Yinghao Shan,&nbsp;Xinling Zhou","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70018","DOIUrl":"10.1049/esi2.70018","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Addressing climate change, resource depletion and environmental degradation driven by fossil fuel dependence requires urgent development of sustainable energy systems. Virtual power plant (VPP) enhance economic performance and grid flexibility by aggregating distributed resources and flexible loads. Building on this concept, this study proposes a hydrogen park-level integrated energy system (H-PIES) under the VPP framework, incorporating user-side demand response (DR) and a tiered carbon trading mechanism for low-carbon, efficient energy management. First, a hybrid strategy combining alkaline electrolyzers (AEL) and proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL) is proposed for power-to-gas (P2G) applications, considering hot/cold starts and load range limitations to maximise renewable energy utilisation. Second, a multi-dimensional flexible load response model is also introduced to enhance operational flexibility. Last, the tiered carbon trading mechanism is embedded into the objective function to incentivise low-carbon transitions. Simulation results indicate that the refined hydrogen utilisation strategy and hybrid electrolyser operation mode effectively accommodate renewable energy output, reducing total costs by 0.28% and 0.65%, respectively, compared to using only AEL or PEMEL. The tiered carbon trading mechanism effectively curbs emissions, whereas DR reduces system costs and emissions by 4.15% and 9.50%, respectively, and smooths load profiles, promoting overall system sustainability.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70018","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145111398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flexibility Provision From Urban Buildings to Low-Carbon Power Systems: Quantification, Aggregation and System Integration","authors":"Hening Yuan,&nbsp;Wenhu Tang","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70017","DOIUrl":"10.1049/esi2.70017","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Achieving net-zero emissions requires a comprehensive transformation of energy infrastructure. The expansion of intermittent renewable generation together with increased demand, for example, from electric vehicles and heat pumps, exerts significant stress on grid stability and reliability, making power system flexibility essential for maintaining power and energy balance and enhancing system resilience. Urban buildings, with integrated heating, cooling, on-site generation, storage and flexible demand, constitute a substantial, cost-effective flexibility resource. In this paper, building flexibility is first defined and its physical drivers are identified. Quantification methods at the individual building scale, including physics-based simulations, machine-learning models and hybrid approaches supported by recent experiments, are then surveyed. Aggregation frameworks that include Virtual Power Plants and Virtual Energy Storage Systems are examined, comparing centralised, decentralised and hierarchical control strategies, ICT requirements and market-integration pathways. The participation of aggregated building flexibility in wholesale markets and its provision of distribution-level services are analysed. Enabling measures such as dynamic tariffs, demand-response programmes, smart-readiness indicators and relevant standards are critically evaluated. Finally, future research needs in integration, standardisation and policy development are outlined. That leveraging urban building flexibility may be crucial for developing a reliable, cost-effective, low-carbon power system is suggested by our analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145012203","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}