IET Energy Systems Integration最新文献

{"title":"Modelling and Optimisation of Integrated Energy Supply System for Deep-Sea Offshore Oil and Gas Field Considering Intelligent Scheduling Factors","authors":"Anan Zhang,&nbsp;Bo Wang,&nbsp;Qin Xiao,&nbsp;Huang Huang,&nbsp;Ziyi Jiang","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study proposes an intelligent scheduling factor-incorporated optimisation method for energy flow dispatch in integrated energy systems. The methodology innovatively integrates CNN-based high-precision load forecasting with D–S evidence theory. This approach fuses the predicted load values (Evidence E1) with production-side operational constraints (e.g., oil production plan, load rate, E2 and E3), establishing a robust, dynamic scheduling decision framework. Initially, by determining equipment parameters and control factor states under the surplus electricity-to-hydrogen mode, a heterogeneous flow coupling model incorporating scheduling factors is developed for the energy supply system. Subsequently, an intelligent scheduling factor prediction framework is proposed: A CNN-based load forecasting model is constructed to obtain preliminary predictions, followed by correlation analysis to select multisource evidence sets and establish an information fusion model for determining optimal scheduling factors with confidence intervals. Finally, the proposed method provides the optimal scheduling factor expectation as the decision command and the D–S confidence interval as a safety constraint, which is validated in case studies on a deepwater oil and gas field (DWOGF) in the South China Sea.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70059","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149146811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Based on Joint Time-Frequency Modelling and Multi-Scale Attention Mechanism","authors":"Qianyu Zhao,&nbsp;Qingling Liu,&nbsp;Xiang Li,&nbsp;Shouxiang Wang,&nbsp;Luyang Guo,&nbsp;Yipeng Xue","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) decomposes aggregate load measurements into individual appliance profiles using only single-point meter data. Power sequences in NILM exhibit superimposed characteristics across multiple time scales, containing both short-term transients and periodic patterns. However, existing methods predominantly rely on single-time-scale and single-time-domain architectures, making it difficult to capture cross-scale features effectively or to leverage prior information from the frequency domain. To mitigate the aforementioned limitations, this study presents TF-SeqFormer, a sequence-to-sequence Transformer framework based on joint time-frequency modelling. Specifically, the proposed model establishes a unified time-frequency joint perception framework that employs parallel branches to achieve aligned modelling and synergistic representation of both feature types, thereby mitigating the limitations of single-domain representation. Within the time-domain branch, a multi-scale convolution cross attention (MSCA) module is designed to capture the coupled characteristics of local load transients and global temporal trends. Simultaneously, the frequency-domain branch incorporates a frequency linear modulation (FLM) module that retains and modulates selected low-frequency RFFT coefficients using learnable complex channel-by-bin weights, while an adaptive gating mechanism is employed to fuse the resulting frequency representation with the time-domain features. Experimental results on the UK-DALE dataset show that TF-SeqFormer ranks first in four of the five averaged evaluation metrics and second in the remaining metric, reflecting a strong overall balance among appliance-state identification, power reconstruction and aggregate-energy estimation.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70057","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148943237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Survey on Intelligent Recommendation Systems for Electric Vehicles Charging Stations","authors":"Yash Pratap Singh,&nbsp;Mohsen Saffari,&nbsp;Mohmmadsadegh Mokhtari,&nbsp;Ishika Adhikari","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Nowadays, the rapid adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) across modern countries has caused significant challenges in EV management in modern transportation systems. This creates a significant demand for efficient and intelligent recommendation systems to decrease EVs' travel time and cost and minimise charging wait time. Recently, many researchers have addressed this issue by designing AI-based EV charging station (EVCS) recommendation systems. In contrast to traditional routing problems, EVCS recommendations must consider dynamic demand that shifts across time and location and diverse infrastructure constraints. This survey article first introduces a categorisation of EVs and charging stations. Then, we provide a comprehensive review of different EVCS recommendation systems, including algorithmic and optimization frameworks, and recent deep learning (DL), multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL), federated learning (FL), and blockchain approaches. Furthermore, this survey provides a unified problem formulation for EVCS recommendation systems and examines the performance of different recommendation categories in terms of reliability, cost-saving, and availability scores. Moreover, this paper reviews the characteristics of publicly available datasets in this realm and provides future research directions for designing EVCS intelligent recommendation systems. Experimental results on the UrbanEV dataset show the superior performance of MARL methods compared with other baselines in terms of the considered key performance metrics.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148942808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neural Network Surrogate for Multi-Criteria Coordinated Model Predictive Control of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stations With Bound Tightening","authors":"Yifei Sun,&nbsp;Xiao Wang,&nbsp;Hengshan Mao,&nbsp;Binyu Xiong,&nbsp;Haoji Liu,&nbsp;Xiaojie Liu","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>State-of-charge (SOC) inconsistency among units in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) stations causes voltage-limit violations and premature charge/discharge cutoffs, thereby degrading station-level energy utilization and dispatch performance. This paper proposes a station-level multi-objective coordinated model predictive control (MPC) strategy using a mixed-integer-representable ReLU neural surrogate and hybrid bound tightening. The main innovation is to integrate OCV-reference selection, SOC-equalising station-level MPC and feasibility-based/optimization-based bound tightening (FBBT + OBBT) into a unified control-oriented framework that preserves terminal-voltage safety whilst reducing online computational burden. First, an open-circuit-voltage (OCV) reference trajectory is selected at the single-stack level to operate in a high flow-rate sensitivity region and mitigate concentration polarization. Second, a station-level MPC formulation jointly tracks the OCV reference, equalises inter-cabin SOC and satisfies dispatch requirements under voltage, concentration, current and power constraints. Third, a ReLU-based surrogate replaces the nonlinear electrochemical model and is embedded into the MPC through Big-M constraints, whilst the bilinear power term is handled by McCormick envelopes. The hybrid FBBT + OBBT scheme tightens neuron bounds by 28.64%–59.24% and reduces preprocessing time by 14% compared with pure OBBT. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy shortens charging time by about 10%, improves voltage efficiency from 75.59% to 79.95%, improves energy efficiency from 71.20% to 74.64% and reduces station-level charge/discharge actions from 31 to 29 under the same 100 MWh dispatch target, demonstrating improved safety, efficiency, SOC consistency and operational economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148754149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon-Aware Optimal Dispatch for Hierarchical Distribution-Microgrid Interconnected Systems With Three-Port Converters: An MISOCP-Based Approach","authors":"Jian Zhang,&nbsp;Xucheng Huang,&nbsp;Zhiwei Xu,&nbsp;Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Against the backdrop of carbon neutrality goals and new power system development, hierarchical distribution-microgrid systems with three-port converters (TPCs) have drawn extensive attention. However, existing research on such systems faces three challenges: the ambiguity of carbon potential (CP) at hybrid nodes within TPCs, the intractability of nonlinear nonconvex models and insufficient coordination between distribution networks and microgrids. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a real-time carbon tracking and carbon-aware optimal coordinated dispatch framework for hierarchical distribution-microgrid systems with TPCs. First, by explicitly modelling the interport carbon emission flow interactions within TPCs, the CP of each hybrid node inside the TPCs is quantified, improving calculation accuracy by up to 89% over conventional empirical methods. Second, McCormick envelope relaxation and SOCP relaxation are introduced to convexify the bilinear carbon-flow terms and power-flow constraints, whereas binary variables are retained for ESS charging/discharging states. Accordingly, the proposed carbon-aware optimal dispatch model is formulated as a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem, reducing the objective value by 4.29% compared with the nonconvex model while avoiding initial-value sensitivity and local optima. Finally, a distribution-microgrid coordinated low-carbon dispatch strategy is proposed, which increases photovoltaic penetration to 84.11%, reduces curtailment to 11.89% and decreases carbon emission and electricity costs by 10.22% and 6.94%, respectively. These results provide a modelling and optimisation basis for low-carbon operation of future hierarchical interconnected systems with high renewable penetration.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEC 62056-Compliant Interoperable Smart Metering and Load Management for Indian Distribution Utilities","authors":"Shankar Dhanavath,&nbsp;Hari Prasad Musham,&nbsp;Sudha Subramani,&nbsp;Kaliappan Perumal","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Indian distribution utilities face persistent challenges such as billing inefficiencies, high aggregate technical and commercial (AT&amp;C) losses, power theft and operational constraints. Although smart meters provide advanced monitoring capabilities, interoperability issues persist in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) due to multivendor deployments. India has adopted DLMS/COSEM under IS 15959 to enable standardised and interoperable metering systems. This paper presents a structured compliance assessment of Indian smart meters against IEC 62056 and IS 15959, identifying key gaps in communication profiles, security mechanisms, and interface class implementation with respect to international practices. Based on the identified gaps, the paper proposes an IEC 62056-aligned framework to improve interoperability, data reliability and system integration in multivendor AMI environments. In addition, a conceptual Emergency Load Profile is introduced to support controlled load management by enabling limited power supply to critical loads during contingencies or nonpayment conditions. The proposed approach enhances grid reliability, operational efficiency and utility-level flexibility, while also supporting large-scale smart meter deployments aligned with national initiatives such as Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Time Active Power Control Method Considering Voltage Security Constraints and Effective Regulation Space of Multitype Resources","authors":"Guoqing Li,&nbsp;Heyang Sun,&nbsp;Shouqi Jiang,&nbsp;Yechun Xin,&nbsp;Jian Lou","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Renewable energy bases in Desert-Gobi-Wasteland (DGW) areas connected with high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems show notable weak-grid features, including low inertia, weak damping and a low short-circuit ratio. This results in strong active power–voltage (P–V) coupling effects, making existing real-time active power control methods ineffective. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a real-time active power control method that simultaneously considers static voltage security constraints and the effective regulation space of various resources. The method ensures safe and stable system operation while efficiently using regulation resources. First, the causes of the strong P–V coupling effects in weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems integrated with renewable energy sources are analysed. Sensitivity indices are used to measure the degree of coupling under different operating conditions. Next, considering the impact of uncertainties in renewable energy output on identifying system voltage weak points, combined with the impedance modulus margin indicator (IMMI), a voltage weak point identification approach based on probabilistic power flow is proposed. The effects of active power regulation from resources such as wind power, photovoltaic and HVDC links on these weak points' voltages are analysed and a quantitative method for active power regulation space of multiple resource types, considering static voltage security constraints, is presented. Then, by integrating voltage-active power sensitivity and the effective regulation capacity of various resources, a real-time active power control strategy is designed. This strategy incorporates resource prioritisation and differentiated power dispatch, aiming to meet active power regulation needs while reducing negative impacts on voltages at weak points. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated using a modified IEEE 30-bus system and a modified IEEE 57-bus system.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Phase-Damping Strategy for Transient Control of dVOC-Based Inverter in Microgrid System","authors":"Ony Asrarul Qudsi,&nbsp;Adi Soeprijanto,&nbsp;Ardyono Priyadi,&nbsp;Firas Quthbi Sidqi","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transient stability in Dispatchable Virtual Oscillator Control (dVOC) during interconnection operations in microgrid systems remains a significant challenge. This paper proposes a Synergistic Phase-Damping Strategy (SPDS) that integrates phase compensation and virtual damping within the dVOC control framework to improve transient stability. The proposed method is validated on a 20-kV medium-voltage microgrid comprising three 5-MW dVOC-based grid-forming inverters under three-phase-to-ground fault conditions. The phase compensator mitigates switching-induced delays in active and reactive power regulation, while the virtual damping mechanism suppresses oscillations through high-pass-filtered current feedback. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SPDS reduces the post-fault oscillation frequency from 48 to 17 Hz, shortens the oscillation duration from 200 to 95 ms, and decreases voltage/current recovery times from approximately 89–24 ms compared with conventional dVOC. Furthermore, the proposed strategy improves active and reactive power stabilisation while maintaining stable voltage regulation throughout fault recovery. These results confirm that SPDS significantly enhances the robustness and transient performance of dVOC-based inverters in medium-voltage microgrid applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Enhanced Double Second-Order Generalised Integrator–Based Phase-Locked Loop Featuring Multisource Frequency Fusion and Adaptive Damping for Weak-Grid Conditions","authors":"Changzhou Yu,&nbsp;Wei Fang,&nbsp;Deyu Zhu,&nbsp;Junhua Dong,&nbsp;Yanying Tu,&nbsp;Haizhen Xu,&nbsp;Leilei Guo","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the penetration rate of renewable energy represented by photovoltaic (PV) power in power systems continues to increase, the synchronisation stability of grid-connected inverters under weak-grid conditions faces severe challenges. The double second-order generalised integrator–based phase-locked loop (DSOGI-PLL), a key technology for grid-connected control in weak grids, exhibits excellent harmonic suppression capability. However, when significant fluctuations occur in grid frequency or voltage, its dynamic response and phase-tracking accuracy are significantly affected, even threatening the stable operation of the system. Analysis indicates that one of the key issues leading to the performance degradation of the DSOGI-PLL in weak grids is the lack of a fast and accurate frequency estimation. To address this, after comparing three frequency estimation methods—namely, the output frequency of the PLL itself, the grid-voltage zero-crossing detection frequency and the adaptive notch filter frequency—this paper proposes a multisource frequency fusion and adaptive damping DSOGI-PLL (MSFFAD-DSOGI-PLL). By analysing the harmonic content and frequency deviation of the power grid, the proposed method adaptively weight-fuses the results of the above three frequency estimation approaches and corrects the resonant centre frequency of the DSOGI in real time. On this basis, to balance the dynamic response and steady-state accuracy of the system under different operating conditions, an adaptive damping adjustment mechanism based on fuzzy logic linearisation is designed to achieve stable operation over a wide voltage/frequency range. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that compared with the traditional DSOGI-PLL, the proposed method exhibits stronger robustness and higher tracking accuracy under complex grid conditions such as large-range fluctuations in grid frequency and voltage.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Frequency Oscillation Suppression Strategy Based on NPOD-SVC-VSG Grid-Connected System","authors":"Haixin Wang,&nbsp;Yue Qiao,&nbsp;Mingchao Xia,&nbsp;Ruming Feng,&nbsp;Yue Zhou,&nbsp;Gen Li,&nbsp;Rui Jing,&nbsp;Junyou Yang,&nbsp;Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The power control loop in a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) exhibits inherently insufficient damping, making it prone to low-frequency oscillation (LFO) under disturbances. Moreover, the dynamic coupling between active and reactive power can induce unnecessary reactive power fluctuations during active power transfer. This not only affects voltage stability but may also further exacerbate LFO. Leveraging the static VAR compensator (SVC)'s capability for fast reactive power support and supplementary damping, this study proposes an LFO suppression strategy based on the NPOD-SVC-VSG grid-connected system. First, this study develops a small-signal model and state-space representation of the SVC-VSG grid-connected system. Eigenvalue analysis is then employed to investigate the stability influence mechanisms in the SVC-VSG grid-connected system under weak interactions. Furthermore, a Phillips–Heffron model of the SVC-VSG system is developed for the mechanism analysis of LFO. To enhance system damping, nonlinear power oscillation damping (NPOD) is proposed that adaptively adjusts gain based on oscillation amplitude while considering the impact of communication delay between the SVC and VSG. NPOD is incorporated into the voltage control loop of the SVC, and its parameters are designed using the phase compensation method that accounts for communication delay. Finally, MATLAB/Simulink simulations demonstrate that the proposed NPOD-SVC-VSG strategy effectively suppresses LFO, increasing the system damping ratio by 10.93% compared to the VSG strategy. The strategy also rapidly compensates for reactive power deficits during transients, thereby enhancing system voltage stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}