IET Energy Systems Integration最新文献

{"title":"Neural Network Surrogate for Multi-Criteria Coordinated Model Predictive Control of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Stations With Bound Tightening","authors":"Yifei Sun,&nbsp;Xiao Wang,&nbsp;Hengshan Mao,&nbsp;Binyu Xiong,&nbsp;Haoji Liu,&nbsp;Xiaojie Liu","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>State-of-charge (SOC) inconsistency among units in vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) stations causes voltage-limit violations and premature charge/discharge cutoffs, thereby degrading station-level energy utilization and dispatch performance. This paper proposes a station-level multi-objective coordinated model predictive control (MPC) strategy using a mixed-integer-representable ReLU neural surrogate and hybrid bound tightening. The main innovation is to integrate OCV-reference selection, SOC-equalising station-level MPC and feasibility-based/optimization-based bound tightening (FBBT + OBBT) into a unified control-oriented framework that preserves terminal-voltage safety whilst reducing online computational burden. First, an open-circuit-voltage (OCV) reference trajectory is selected at the single-stack level to operate in a high flow-rate sensitivity region and mitigate concentration polarization. Second, a station-level MPC formulation jointly tracks the OCV reference, equalises inter-cabin SOC and satisfies dispatch requirements under voltage, concentration, current and power constraints. Third, a ReLU-based surrogate replaces the nonlinear electrochemical model and is embedded into the MPC through Big-M constraints, whilst the bilinear power term is handled by McCormick envelopes. The hybrid FBBT + OBBT scheme tightens neuron bounds by 28.64%–59.24% and reduces preprocessing time by 14% compared with pure OBBT. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy shortens charging time by about 10%, improves voltage efficiency from 75.59% to 79.95%, improves energy efficiency from 71.20% to 74.64% and reduces station-level charge/discharge actions from 31 to 29 under the same 100 MWh dispatch target, demonstrating improved safety, efficiency, SOC consistency and operational economy.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148754149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon-Aware Optimal Dispatch for Hierarchical Distribution-Microgrid Interconnected Systems With Three-Port Converters: An MISOCP-Based Approach","authors":"Jian Zhang,&nbsp;Xucheng Huang,&nbsp;Zhiwei Xu,&nbsp;Tao Zhang","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Against the backdrop of carbon neutrality goals and new power system development, hierarchical distribution-microgrid systems with three-port converters (TPCs) have drawn extensive attention. However, existing research on such systems faces three challenges: the ambiguity of carbon potential (CP) at hybrid nodes within TPCs, the intractability of nonlinear nonconvex models and insufficient coordination between distribution networks and microgrids. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a real-time carbon tracking and carbon-aware optimal coordinated dispatch framework for hierarchical distribution-microgrid systems with TPCs. First, by explicitly modelling the interport carbon emission flow interactions within TPCs, the CP of each hybrid node inside the TPCs is quantified, improving calculation accuracy by up to 89% over conventional empirical methods. Second, McCormick envelope relaxation and SOCP relaxation are introduced to convexify the bilinear carbon-flow terms and power-flow constraints, whereas binary variables are retained for ESS charging/discharging states. Accordingly, the proposed carbon-aware optimal dispatch model is formulated as a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) problem, reducing the objective value by 4.29% compared with the nonconvex model while avoiding initial-value sensitivity and local optima. Finally, a distribution-microgrid coordinated low-carbon dispatch strategy is proposed, which increases photovoltaic penetration to 84.11%, reduces curtailment to 11.89% and decreases carbon emission and electricity costs by 10.22% and 6.94%, respectively. These results provide a modelling and optimisation basis for low-carbon operation of future hierarchical interconnected systems with high renewable penetration.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IEC 62056-Compliant Interoperable Smart Metering and Load Management for Indian Distribution Utilities","authors":"Shankar Dhanavath,&nbsp;Hari Prasad Musham,&nbsp;Sudha Subramani,&nbsp;Kaliappan Perumal","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70052","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Indian distribution utilities face persistent challenges such as billing inefficiencies, high aggregate technical and commercial (AT&amp;C) losses, power theft and operational constraints. Although smart meters provide advanced monitoring capabilities, interoperability issues persist in Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) due to multivendor deployments. India has adopted DLMS/COSEM under IS 15959 to enable standardised and interoperable metering systems. This paper presents a structured compliance assessment of Indian smart meters against IEC 62056 and IS 15959, identifying key gaps in communication profiles, security mechanisms, and interface class implementation with respect to international practices. Based on the identified gaps, the paper proposes an IEC 62056-aligned framework to improve interoperability, data reliability and system integration in multivendor AMI environments. In addition, a conceptual Emergency Load Profile is introduced to support controlled load management by enabling limited power supply to critical loads during contingencies or nonpayment conditions. The proposed approach enhances grid reliability, operational efficiency and utility-level flexibility, while also supporting large-scale smart meter deployments aligned with national initiatives such as Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70052","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148752782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-Time Active Power Control Method Considering Voltage Security Constraints and Effective Regulation Space of Multitype Resources","authors":"Guoqing Li,&nbsp;Heyang Sun,&nbsp;Shouqi Jiang,&nbsp;Yechun Xin,&nbsp;Jian Lou","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Renewable energy bases in Desert-Gobi-Wasteland (DGW) areas connected with high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems show notable weak-grid features, including low inertia, weak damping and a low short-circuit ratio. This results in strong active power–voltage (P–V) coupling effects, making existing real-time active power control methods ineffective. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a real-time active power control method that simultaneously considers static voltage security constraints and the effective regulation space of various resources. The method ensures safe and stable system operation while efficiently using regulation resources. First, the causes of the strong P–V coupling effects in weak HVDC sending-end AC power systems integrated with renewable energy sources are analysed. Sensitivity indices are used to measure the degree of coupling under different operating conditions. Next, considering the impact of uncertainties in renewable energy output on identifying system voltage weak points, combined with the impedance modulus margin indicator (IMMI), a voltage weak point identification approach based on probabilistic power flow is proposed. The effects of active power regulation from resources such as wind power, photovoltaic and HVDC links on these weak points' voltages are analysed and a quantitative method for active power regulation space of multiple resource types, considering static voltage security constraints, is presented. Then, by integrating voltage-active power sensitivity and the effective regulation capacity of various resources, a real-time active power control strategy is designed. This strategy incorporates resource prioritisation and differentiated power dispatch, aiming to meet active power regulation needs while reducing negative impacts on voltages at weak points. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated using a modified IEEE 30-bus system and a modified IEEE 57-bus system.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Phase-Damping Strategy for Transient Control of dVOC-Based Inverter in Microgrid System","authors":"Ony Asrarul Qudsi,&nbsp;Adi Soeprijanto,&nbsp;Ardyono Priyadi,&nbsp;Firas Quthbi Sidqi","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Transient stability in Dispatchable Virtual Oscillator Control (dVOC) during interconnection operations in microgrid systems remains a significant challenge. This paper proposes a Synergistic Phase-Damping Strategy (SPDS) that integrates phase compensation and virtual damping within the dVOC control framework to improve transient stability. The proposed method is validated on a 20-kV medium-voltage microgrid comprising three 5-MW dVOC-based grid-forming inverters under three-phase-to-ground fault conditions. The phase compensator mitigates switching-induced delays in active and reactive power regulation, while the virtual damping mechanism suppresses oscillations through high-pass-filtered current feedback. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed SPDS reduces the post-fault oscillation frequency from 48 to 17 Hz, shortens the oscillation duration from 200 to 95 ms, and decreases voltage/current recovery times from approximately 89–24 ms compared with conventional dVOC. Furthermore, the proposed strategy improves active and reactive power stabilisation while maintaining stable voltage regulation throughout fault recovery. These results confirm that SPDS significantly enhances the robustness and transient performance of dVOC-based inverters in medium-voltage microgrid applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Enhanced Double Second-Order Generalised Integrator–Based Phase-Locked Loop Featuring Multisource Frequency Fusion and Adaptive Damping for Weak-Grid Conditions","authors":"Changzhou Yu,&nbsp;Wei Fang,&nbsp;Deyu Zhu,&nbsp;Junhua Dong,&nbsp;Yanying Tu,&nbsp;Haizhen Xu,&nbsp;Leilei Guo","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As the penetration rate of renewable energy represented by photovoltaic (PV) power in power systems continues to increase, the synchronisation stability of grid-connected inverters under weak-grid conditions faces severe challenges. The double second-order generalised integrator–based phase-locked loop (DSOGI-PLL), a key technology for grid-connected control in weak grids, exhibits excellent harmonic suppression capability. However, when significant fluctuations occur in grid frequency or voltage, its dynamic response and phase-tracking accuracy are significantly affected, even threatening the stable operation of the system. Analysis indicates that one of the key issues leading to the performance degradation of the DSOGI-PLL in weak grids is the lack of a fast and accurate frequency estimation. To address this, after comparing three frequency estimation methods—namely, the output frequency of the PLL itself, the grid-voltage zero-crossing detection frequency and the adaptive notch filter frequency—this paper proposes a multisource frequency fusion and adaptive damping DSOGI-PLL (MSFFAD-DSOGI-PLL). By analysing the harmonic content and frequency deviation of the power grid, the proposed method adaptively weight-fuses the results of the above three frequency estimation approaches and corrects the resonant centre frequency of the DSOGI in real time. On this basis, to balance the dynamic response and steady-state accuracy of the system under different operating conditions, an adaptive damping adjustment mechanism based on fuzzy logic linearisation is designed to achieve stable operation over a wide voltage/frequency range. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that compared with the traditional DSOGI-PLL, the proposed method exhibits stronger robustness and higher tracking accuracy under complex grid conditions such as large-range fluctuations in grid frequency and voltage.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70047","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148324273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Low-Frequency Oscillation Suppression Strategy Based on NPOD-SVC-VSG Grid-Connected System","authors":"Haixin Wang,&nbsp;Yue Qiao,&nbsp;Mingchao Xia,&nbsp;Ruming Feng,&nbsp;Yue Zhou,&nbsp;Gen Li,&nbsp;Rui Jing,&nbsp;Junyou Yang,&nbsp;Zhe Chen","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The power control loop in a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) exhibits inherently insufficient damping, making it prone to low-frequency oscillation (LFO) under disturbances. Moreover, the dynamic coupling between active and reactive power can induce unnecessary reactive power fluctuations during active power transfer. This not only affects voltage stability but may also further exacerbate LFO. Leveraging the static VAR compensator (SVC)'s capability for fast reactive power support and supplementary damping, this study proposes an LFO suppression strategy based on the NPOD-SVC-VSG grid-connected system. First, this study develops a small-signal model and state-space representation of the SVC-VSG grid-connected system. Eigenvalue analysis is then employed to investigate the stability influence mechanisms in the SVC-VSG grid-connected system under weak interactions. Furthermore, a Phillips–Heffron model of the SVC-VSG system is developed for the mechanism analysis of LFO. To enhance system damping, nonlinear power oscillation damping (NPOD) is proposed that adaptively adjusts gain based on oscillation amplitude while considering the impact of communication delay between the SVC and VSG. NPOD is incorporated into the voltage control loop of the SVC, and its parameters are designed using the phase compensation method that accounts for communication delay. Finally, MATLAB/Simulink simulations demonstrate that the proposed NPOD-SVC-VSG strategy effectively suppresses LFO, increasing the system damping ratio by 10.93% compared to the VSG strategy. The strategy also rapidly compensates for reactive power deficits during transients, thereby enhancing system voltage stability.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Multiscale Lightweight Deep Learning Approach for Short-Term Multi-Energy Load Forecasting in Integrated Energy Systems","authors":"Jingshu Wang,&nbsp;Liyuan Zhao,&nbsp;Junhua Gu,&nbsp;Ying Lei","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate multi-energy load forecasting plays a vital role in the optimal scheduling of integrated energy systems (IES). However, existing forecasting methods face two major challenges: insufficient extraction of complex features within load data, which limits prediction accuracy, and ever-increasing model complexity, which leads to a sharp rise in computational resource demands. To tackle the above-mentioned challenges, this research introduces a load forecasting scheme derived from multiscale lightweight deep learning. First, the dynamic coupling characteristics of load data are analysed using correlation coefficients to determine model-specific input configurations. Then, an improved variant channel multiscale bottleneck residual network (VC-MBResNet) is proposed to obtain high-dimensional load feature data. Finally, by leveraging shared underlying parameters and an enhanced adaptive loss function for each subtask-using both soft and hard weight-sharing strategies—the extracted features are integrated into a multi-task learning (MTL) framework. A bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network is employed as the shared layer, with an attention mechanism embedded in its hidden layers to enhance the focus on critical temporal features. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach surpasses existing models in terms of both prediction accuracy and computational efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148237509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on Temperature Estimation Model of Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack","authors":"Anan Zhang,&nbsp;Qin Xiao,&nbsp;Chuan Liu,&nbsp;Huang Huang,&nbsp;Qian Li,&nbsp;Wei Yang","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is an innovation power generation device in the form of an electric stack. The temperature distribution is crucial for the stable and safe operation of the system. Considering the difficulty of accurately measuring the internal temperature of the device, this paper proposes a temperature estimation method based on the Luenberger-sliding mode observer (L+S) and the Kalman filter (KF) observer. First, a discrete-time state-space model of the SOFC stack is established using a one-dimensional (1D) theoretical model that considers system noise. Secondly, the input variables of the observer are filtered and combined with the condition number of the measurement matrix to produce the optimal combination. The estimation performance of the model is enhanced through decoupling of error systems and vibration suppression. The Kalman filter observer model is constructed by combining the stack model with the Kalman filter (KF) algorithm. Then, the Luenberger-sliding mode observer model is constructed based on the theories of the Luenberger observer (L) and the sliding mode observer (S). The estimation performance of this model is enhanced through the decoupling of the error system and vibration suppression. The Kalman filter observer model is constructed by integrating the electric stack model with the Kalman filter (KF) algorithm. This method solves the time difference between the observed state and the actual system state by filtering noise to improve the estimation accuracy of the model. Finally, a multidimensional performance evaluation index system was established, and the estimation performance of various observer models was compared through simulation experiments and data analysis to verify the effectiveness of the temperature estimation model proposed in this article.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148167159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physics-Guided Transformer for Distributed Photovoltaic Power Forecasting Based on Copula Asymmetric Dependence Analysis","authors":"Lili Zheng,&nbsp;Hengrui Ma,&nbsp;Shidong Wu,&nbsp;Aotian Yuan,&nbsp;Changhua Yang,&nbsp;Qing La,&nbsp;Pin Li","doi":"10.1049/esi2.70046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/esi2.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Distributed photovoltaic (DPV) power forecasting is essential for grid stability but remains challenging due to strong intermittency and meteorological uncertainty. Existing data-driven models often lack physical interpretability and struggle to capture asymmetric dependence structures, leading to unreliable predictions during extreme weather. This paper proposes a copula-guided transformer (CGT) framework that integrates statistical dependence mining with physics-informed deep learning. Specifically, Gaussian copula is used for global feature screening, whereas Clayton and Gumbel copulas quantify asymmetric tail dependencies—revealing the conditional lower-tail inhibitory effect of rainfall and the upper-tail driving effect of irradiance on power output. These copula-derived parameters are embedded as physical priors into a guided encoder, where a temporal convolutional network (TCN) dynamically regulates attention weights to enhance physical consistency. Validated on real-world DPV data from China, the CGT model offers significant performance advantages. The results demonstrate superior robustness across clear-sky, rainy and high-volatility scenarios by effectively mitigating spurious overestimation and response lag.</p>","PeriodicalId":33288,"journal":{"name":"IET Energy Systems Integration","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/esi2.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148174694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}