Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series最新文献_第5页

The Low-Pay No-Pay Cycle: Are There Systematic Differences Across Demographic Groups? 低薪无薪周期:人口群体之间是否存在系统性差异?

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2338263

Y. Fok, R. Scutella, Rogers Wilkins

{"title":"The Low-Pay No-Pay Cycle: Are There Systematic Differences Across Demographic Groups?","authors":"Y. Fok, R. Scutella, Rogers Wilkins","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2338263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2338263","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate transitions between unemployment, low-paid employment and higher-paid employment using household panel data for the period 2001 to 2011. Dynamic panel data methods are used to estimate the effects of labour force status on subsequent labour force status. A distinctive feature of our study is the investigation of heterogeneity in the effects of unemployment and low-paid employment on future employment prospects. We find that there is state dependence in both unemployment and low-paid employment and clear evidence of a low-pay no-pay cycle for both men and women. Significant differences in effects across different subgroups of the population are, however, found. Typically, the young and the better educated face less severe penalties from unemployment or low-paid employment, and, for women, the cycle between low pay and no pay varies across subgroups. Moreover, in the case of men who have completed secondary schooling but have no further qualifications, low-paid employment actually decreases the chances of entering higher-paid employment by more than unemployment does. This is not the case for women, however, who clearly have a higher likelihood of entering higher-paid employment from low-paid employment than from unemployment, regardless of their age, education level or other characteristics.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"352 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116262281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 20

Understanding Changes in Progressivity and Redistributive Effects: The Role of Tax-Transfer Policies and Labour Supply Decisions 理解累进性和再分配效应的变化:税收转移政策和劳动力供给决策的作用

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-10-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2344509

N. Hérault, Francisco Azpitarte

{"title":"Understanding Changes in Progressivity and Redistributive Effects: The Role of Tax-Transfer Policies and Labour Supply Decisions","authors":"N. Hérault, Francisco Azpitarte","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2344509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2344509","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we propose a framework to study changes in the redistributive consequences of income taxes and transfers. In contrast with previous approaches the new method allows decomposition of the change in the redistributive impact into four components: the immediate effect of changes in the tax-transfer system in the absence of labour supply responses; the effect of labour supply changes induced by changes in the tax-transfer system; the effect of all other labour supply changes; and a residual capturing the variation not explained by the previous factors. We illustrate the use of our decomposition method by analysing the changes in the redistributive impact of the tax and transfer system in Australia between 1999 and 2007. We find that labour supply changes, and in particular the increase in employment rates over the period, explain to a large extent the observed reduction in the redistributive effect of the tax-transfer system. A sizable part of these labour supply changes were found to be direct responses to tax-transfer reforms. Interestingly, we find that tax reforms were not responsible for the observed reduction in tax progressivity.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132161101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Right Peer, Right Now? Endogenous Peer Effects and Achievement in Victorian Primary Schools 对了，同伴，现在?维多利亚州小学的内生同伴效应与成就

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2289084

D. McVicar, Julie Moschion, C. Ryan

引用次数: 1

Family Socio-Economic Status, Childhood Life-Events and the Dynamics of Depression from Adolescence to Early Adulthood 家庭社会经济地位、童年生活事件和青春期至成年早期抑郁的动态

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-03-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2240073

P. Contoyannis, Jinhu Li

引用次数: 4

Perceived Job Discrimination in Australia: Its Correlates and Consequences 澳大利亚的就业歧视:相关因素和后果

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-03-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2244601

Markus H. Hahn, Roger Wilkins

{"title":"Perceived Job Discrimination in Australia: Its Correlates and Consequences","authors":"Markus H. Hahn, Roger Wilkins","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2244601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2244601","url":null,"abstract":"We use data from a nationally representative Australian household panel survey to examine the extent and nature of self-reported job discrimination, its correlates, and its associations with various employment outcomes and measures of subjective wellbeing. We find that approximately 8.5% of job applicants and 7.5% of employees report being discriminated against in the preceding two years, most commonly on the basis of their age. Gender is found to be a common factor predicting perceived discrimination in both job applications and in the course of employment, but the determinants of these two types of discrimination are otherwise somewhat different. In particular, age is a significant determinant of perceived discrimination in job applications only, while being a mother of young children is a significant factor only for discrimination in the course of employment. We also find that, holding other traits constant, ethnic and religious minorities are not significantly more likely to perceive they have been discriminated against. Little evidence of adverse effects of perceived job discrimination is found for wage levels, wage changes and the probability of promotion, but we find large negative effects on subjective outcomes such as job satisfaction and self-assessed probability of job loss.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133256302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Trust, Incomplete Contracts and the Market for Technology 信任、不完全契约与技术市场

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2013-02-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2226727

P. Jensen, Alfons Palangkaraya, Elizabeth Webster

引用次数: 2

Earnings Mobility and Inequality: An Integrated Framework 收入流动性与不平等:一个综合框架

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2012-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2191771

Paul Gregg, Claudia Vittori, R. Scutella

{"title":"Earnings Mobility and Inequality: An Integrated Framework","authors":"Paul Gregg, Claudia Vittori, R. Scutella","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2191771","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2191771","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we propose an integrated framework for the analysis of earnings inequality and mobility, which enables the analysis of the distributional dimension of inequality reduction from mobility, an assessment of the economic drivers of mobility and a sense of which drivers are equalising and dis-equalising. In particular we are able to capture the extent to which life-cycle characteristics, key life events, job related characteristics, and changes in working time affect overall mobility and inequality. The framework also offers a bounded approach to isolating the underlying inequality reduction resulting from mobility from measurement error which can otherwise lead to a substantial upward bias. Using data from the Australian HILDA survey we find evidence of a sizable degree of earnings mobility in Australia over the years 2001/2 to 2008/9. The raw inequality reduction resulting from economic mobility was 0.148 Gini points from an initial estimate of 0.368, however, the bounded range based on two alternative versions of two stage estimation lies between 0.072 and 0.102 or between 1/4 and 1/3 of original inequality. We show how the inequality reduction from mobility is primarily driven in the bottom part of the initial distribution, with the upper tail being particularly prone to measurement issues. A sizeable part of the identified mobility is simply driven by age-earnings growth that sees more rapid wage increases for younger workers and wage progression among women in notably stronger in reducing inequality because they start lower in distribution. Yet this rather smooth picture of earnings rising with age is shown to be substantially driven by a series of less frequent step changes associated with job-to-job moves, promotions and taking on more responsibility. There are also shocks which run against this equalising process, most notably job loss, which has substantial negative effects on earnings and disproportionately falls on lower waged workers.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133827687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Peer Effects in Adolescent Cannabis Use: It's the Friends, Stupid 青少年大麻使用中的同伴效应:是朋友，笨蛋

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2012-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2192259

J. Moriarty, D. McVicar, K. Higgins

{"title":"Peer Effects in Adolescent Cannabis Use: It's the Friends, Stupid","authors":"J. Moriarty, D. McVicar, K. Higgins","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2192259","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2192259","url":null,"abstract":"This paper examines peer effects in adolescent cannabis use from several different reference groups, exploiting survey data that have many desirable properties and have not previously been used for this purpose. Treating the school grade as the reference group, and using both neighbourhood fixed effects and IV for identification, we find evidence of large, positive, and statistically significant peer effects. Treating nominated friends as the reference group, and using both school fixed effects and IV for identification, we again find evidence of large, positive, and generally statistically significant peer effects. Our preferred IV approach exploits information about friends of friends – ‘friends once removed’, who are not themselves friends – to instrument for friends’ cannabis use. Finally, we examine whether the cannabis use of schoolmates who are not nominated as friends – ‘non-friends’ – influences own cannabis use. Once again using neighbourhood fixed effects and IV for identification, the evidence suggests zero impact. In our data, schoolmates who are not also friends have no influence on adolescent cannabis use.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"776 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123284351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Decomposing Differences in Labour Force Status between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians 澳洲原住民与非原住民劳工地位之分解差异

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2012-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2146409

G. Kalb, T. Le, Boyd H. Hunter, Felix Leung

{"title":"Decomposing Differences in Labour Force Status between Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians","authors":"G. Kalb, T. Le, Boyd H. Hunter, Felix Leung","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2146409","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2146409","url":null,"abstract":"Despite several policy efforts to promote economic participation by Indigenous Australians, they continue to have low participation rates compared to non-Indigenous Australians. This study decomposes the gap in labour market attachment between Indigenous and non- Indigenous Australians in non-remote areas, combining two separate data sources in a novel way to obtain access to richer information than was previously possible. It shows that among women at least two thirds of the gap can be attributed to differences in the observed characteristics between the two populations. For men, the differences in observed characteristics of the two populations can account for 36 to 47 percent of the gap. A detailed decomposition shows that lower education, worse health, and larger families (particularly for women) explain the lower labour market attachment of Indigenous Australians to a substantial extent. Compared with previous studies, this study is able to explain a larger proportion of the gap in employment between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people due to being able to include a larger set of explanatory variables.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124528225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

Locating and Designing 'Journeys Home': A Literature Review “回家之旅”的定位与设计:文献综述

Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2012-06-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2084444

R. Scutella, G. Johnson

引用次数: 9