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Parental Responses to Children’s Achievement Test Results 家长对孩子成绩测试结果的反应
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2021-08-20 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3910879
D. Cobb-Clark, Tiffany Ho, Nicolás Salamanca
{"title":"Parental Responses to Children’s Achievement Test Results","authors":"D. Cobb-Clark, Tiffany Ho, Nicolás Salamanca","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3910879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3910879","url":null,"abstract":"We use quasi-experimental variation in the timing of national standardized test-score reports to estimate the causal impact of giving parents objective information about children’s academic achievement. Releasing test scores leads to more modest perceptions of academic achievement and reduced school satisfaction. The use of private tutoring is increased, while extracurricular activities are reduced. Examining the underlying mechanisms, we show that it is public-school parents and parents of children receiving unexpectedly “bad” test scores who alter their perceptions. Learning that a child scores above the national average raises perceived academic achievement and time devoted to education, while reducing leisure time.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115087987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Sophistication about Self-Control 自我控制的复杂性
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2021-08-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3910869
D. Cobb-Clark, Sarah C. Dahmann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah schildberg-Hörisch
{"title":"Sophistication about Self-Control","authors":"D. Cobb-Clark, Sarah C. Dahmann, Daniel A. Kamhöfer, Hannah schildberg-Hörisch","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3910869","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3910869","url":null,"abstract":"We propose a broadly applicable empirical approach to classify individuals as time consistent versus naive or sophisticated regarding their self-control limitations. Operationalizing our approach based on nationally representative data reveals that self-control problems are pervasive and that most people are at least partly aware of their limited self-control. Compared to naïfs, sophisticates have higher IQs, better educated parents, and are more likely to take up commitment devices. Accounting for both the level and awareness of self-control limitations has predictive power beyond one-dimensional notions of self-control that neglect awareness. Importantly, sophistication fully compensates for self-control problems when choices involve immediate costs and later benefits. Raising people's awareness of their own self-control limitations may thus assist them in overcoming any adverse consequences.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116702167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 6
Relationship between Water and Sanitation and Maternal Health: Evidence from Indonesia 水和卫生设施与孕产妇健康之间的关系:来自印度尼西亚的证据
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2021-07-15 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3898325
Lisa A. Cameron, Claire Chase, Diana Contreras Suarez
{"title":"Relationship between Water and Sanitation and Maternal Health: Evidence from Indonesia","authors":"Lisa A. Cameron, Claire Chase, Diana Contreras Suarez","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3898325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3898325","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Poor household water supply and sanitation can affect maternal and newborn health outcomes through several pathways, including the quality of drinking water consumed by pregnant woman and exposure to harmful fecal pathogens in the environment due to poor quality sanitation. Using data on 14,098 pregnancies across four rounds of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS), we investigate the relationship between water and sanitation and outcomes along the course of a pregnancy - health and complications during pregnancy, probability of a miscarriage, complications during child birth, probability of live birth, and neonatal outcomes including birth weight and newborn survival rates. After controlling for confounding factors, we find that access to at least basic household sanitation is strongly associated with substantially decreased overall risk during pregnancy and birth. Whether or not a household has access to at least basic sanitation is strongly significantly associated with a lower probability of miscarriage and is a strong predictor of high fever during labor (an indicator of infection). We find no systematic association between household access to basic water and maternal and newborn outcomes. We also find no evidence of herd protection resulting from high levels of sanitation within the community.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130228608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
“Smoking your child’s job away”: Parental smoking during one’s childhood and the probability of being employed in adulthood “把孩子的工作给抽走了”:父母在儿童时期吸烟和成年后就业的可能性
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2021-07-12 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3898323
K. Prakash, Sanjesh Kumar
{"title":"“Smoking your child’s job away”: Parental smoking during one’s childhood and the probability of being employed in adulthood","authors":"K. Prakash, Sanjesh Kumar","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3898323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3898323","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We examine the relationship between parental smoking in childhood and the probability of being employed in adulthood. To do so, we use 18 waves of the nationally representative longitudinal data from the Household, Income, and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey. We find that parental smoking in childhood is an important factor contributing to the likelihood of individuals being unemployed in adulthood. Our estimate suggests that individuals whose parents smoked during their childhood have 1.7 percentage points lower probability of being employed in adulthood than individuals of non-smoking parents. This finding is robust to the use of bounding approach that tests for coefficient stability and matching methods that attribute causal interpretation. We find that self-health and mental health, along with non-cognitive skills in the form of emotional stability and conscientiousness in adulthood are important channels through which exposure to parental smoking in childhood influences the probability of being employed in adulthood.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121837440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Energy poverty and obesity 能源贫困和肥胖
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2021-07-05 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3898310
K. Prakash, Musharavati Ephraim Munyanyi
{"title":"Energy poverty and obesity","authors":"K. Prakash, Musharavati Ephraim Munyanyi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3898310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3898310","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Obesity is a major health concern in both developed and developing nations. Yet, evidence on the determinants of obesity is relatively limited. We contribute to the literature on the determinants of obesity by empirically examining the effects of energy poverty on obesity. Using 14 waves of the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, we find energy poverty is positively associated with obesity. Applying linear probability model, our estimates suggest that being energy poor results between 1.4 and 2.5 percentage points increase in the probability of being obese, depending on how energy poverty is measured. Our results are robust to alternative modelling techniques, inclusion of additional control variables and potential influence of unobservable. We also find that amount of sleep, health status and level of psychological distress are important transmission channels through which energy poverty influences the probability of being obese.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125267224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
Taking the Pulse of the Nation: Validating a single-item measure of mental distress 把握国家脉搏:对精神痛苦单项测量的验证
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2021-06-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3872224
F. Botha, P. Butterworth, R. Wilkins
{"title":"Taking the Pulse of the Nation: Validating a single-item measure of mental distress","authors":"F. Botha, P. Butterworth, R. Wilkins","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3872224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3872224","url":null,"abstract":"There are occasions when a very short assessment of mental health or distress is needed. Theweekly assessment of distress in Australia during the COVID-19 crisis using the nationallyrepresentative Taking the Pulse of the Nation (TTPN) Survey is one example. This paperassesses the psychometric properties of a single-item measure of mental distress against thewidely used six-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6). The analysis, based on wave13 of the TTPN survey, considers data from 1,158 respondents selected from across Australia.The new single-item measure was highly correlated with the K6 (rho = 0.82), the area underthe curve (AUC) was 0.93, and at the optimal cut-point the sensitivity was 0.71, the specificitywas 0.93, and the proportion of respondents correctly classified by the single-item measurewas 0.90. The measure of mental distress developed for the TTPN survey provides a validmeasure of population mental distress for circumstances where only a single item can be used.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122512811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Is it 'dog days' for the young in the Australian labour market? 对于澳大利亚劳动力市场的年轻人来说，现在是“三伏天”吗?
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2021-05-26 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3857413
Melbourne Institute Submitter, J. Borland, Michael Bernard Coelli
{"title":"Is it 'dog days' for the young in the Australian labour market?","authors":"Melbourne Institute Submitter, J. Borland, Michael Bernard Coelli","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3857413","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3857413","url":null,"abstract":"The decade after the Global Financial Crisis (GFC) saw a substantial deterioration in employment outcomes for the young (aged 15 to 24 years) in Australia. From 2008 to 2019 their employment/population rate decreased by 4.3 percentage points, whereas the rate for the population aged 25 years and above increased by 1 percentage point. We argue that the major cause of the deterioration was an increase in labour market competition faced by the young. Adjustment to being ‘crowded out’ from employment also occurred for the young via: being more likely to be employed part-time; being more likely to be long-term unemployed; starting their work careers in lower quality jobs; and needing increasingly to compete for jobs through activities such as unpaid internships.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121289625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
How Effective are Matching Schemes in Enticing Low-income Earners to Save More for Retirement? Evidence from a National Scheme 配对计划在吸引低收入人士为退休储蓄方面成效如何?来自国家计划的证据
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-12-03 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3742439
Marc K. Chan, C. Polidano, Ha Vu, R. Wilkins, Andrew Carter, Hang To
{"title":"How Effective are Matching Schemes in Enticing Low-income Earners to Save More for Retirement? Evidence from a National Scheme","authors":"Marc K. Chan, C. Polidano, Ha Vu, R. Wilkins, Andrew Carter, Hang To","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3742439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3742439","url":null,"abstract":"Concerns over the adequacy of low and middle-income earner contributions to retirement plans have led governments to introduce targeted matching schemes. In this study, we examine the effects of a simple and generous Australian scheme using administrative tax-filer data, exploiting longitudinal changes in eligibility and match rates. We find small increases in the proportion who contribute and bunching at the eligible maximum, but lower average contributions because the matching payment displaces contributions of high contributors. \u0000 \u0000Contributions through unmatched channels are also crowded out. These findings highlight the difficulties of targeting matching schemes and question the merits of simplifying them.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121659142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Financial Stress and Household Consumption: Exploring households’ commitment to contractual payments 财务压力与家庭消费:探讨家庭对合同付款的承诺
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-11-25 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3737282
A. Settle
{"title":"Financial Stress and Household Consumption: Exploring households’ commitment to contractual payments","authors":"A. Settle","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3737282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3737282","url":null,"abstract":"In a context of increasing attention to growing fixed payments, slim buffers, and unstable incomes in the household sector, this analysis considers the degree to which households prioritise contractual payments. The study uses Australian household expenditure data to examine which expenditure categories are prioritised when households enter into financial stress. The analysis finds that financially stressed households maintain basic expenditure and contractual payments by reducing expenditure on insurance along with more conventional discretionary spending. These findings suggest that insurance is effectively considered a luxury good. The findings thus point towards a sharp rise in risk exposure that accompanies the early stages of financial stress as households absorb shocks in order to maintain the stability of contractual payments. The findings have important implications for how we understand household sensitivity to shocks and the behaviour of households with regards to risk management, as well as the capacity of private insurance markets to stabilise the household sector. The findings also feed directly into broader questions about how the distribution of risk is evolving as household balance sheets expand.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129992474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Essential work and emergency childcare: Identifying gender differences in COVID-19 effects on labour demand and supply 基本工作和紧急儿童保育:确定COVID-19对劳动力需求和供应影响的性别差异
Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series Pub Date : 2020-11-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3727684
J. Meekes, W. Hassink, G. Kalb
{"title":"Essential work and emergency childcare: Identifying gender differences in COVID-19 effects on labour demand and supply","authors":"J. Meekes, W. Hassink, G. Kalb","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3727684","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3727684","url":null,"abstract":"We examine whether the COVID-19 crisis affects women and men differently in terms of employment, working hours and hourly wages outcomes, and whether the effects are demand or supply driven. COVID-19 impacts are studied using administrative data on all Dutch employees up to 30 June 2020, focussing on the national lockdown and the emergency childcare for essential workers in the Netherlands. First, we find that the impact of COVID-19 is much larger for non-essential workers than for essential workers. Although, on average, women and men are equally affected, female non-essential workers are more affected than male non-essential workers. Second, partnered individuals with young children are equally affected by the crisis as others, irrespective of gender and spousal employment. Third, single-parent essential workers experience relatively large negative labour supply effects, suggesting emergency childcare was not sufficient for this group. However, overall, labour demand effects appear more important than labour supply effects.","PeriodicalId":331095,"journal":{"name":"Melbourne Institute: Applied Economic & Social Research Working Paper Series","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121375712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 21
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