Open Information Science最新文献

{"title":"Training eyes and training hands in the digital research with manuscripts","authors":"Diego Navarro Bonilla","doi":"10.1515/opis-2021-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2021-0001","url":null,"abstract":"We could say that the relevance of the contributions in this special volume dedicated to paleography and manuscript culture in today’s digital environment is borne out by Cornelis van Lit’s (2020) recent emphatic assessment: “I would argue that paleography is perhaps the most digital field of all of manuscript studies, even though the perception within the field is at times to the contrary.” On the other hand, the growing specialized bibliography, and also the emergence of aspects that interrelate paleography and computers in high-level scientific journals, fuels a state of affairs centered on a revival of research using original manuscript sources, particularly from a general dimension endorsed by the digital humanities (Stutzmann, 2017), (Albritton, Henley, Treharne, eds., 2020) or more specifically by the digital philology (Bamford and Francomano, 2018). The majority of the texts included herein originate in the presentations made at the University Carlos III of Madrid (UC3M) seminar entitled “Analogic and Digital: looks on digital paleography and manuscript culture nowadays,” held on October 24-25, 2019 and supported by its Vice Rectorate of Scientific Policy. In the sessions, a group of paleographers, archivists, calligraphers, materials engineers, historians of written culture, graphic designers, linguists and philologists and experts on image and photographic reproduction, came together to try to integrate our respective fields in a review of a markedly practical and creative nature of our respective work with old manuscripts. Our dialog fostered, for example, the communication between paleographers and computer scientists that is essential for designing the functional requirements of the computerized paleographic systems, the role played by contemporary calligraphic creativity in the study of medieval and early modern handwriting typologies, or the search for the necessary international standards in the capture phases of multiand hyperspectral photographs of an original manuscript text. We finished up with a discussion about the need to integrate paleography and advanced study of historical witnesses in a proposal of a manufactual nature and from the standpoint of stroke mastery for interpreting manuscript cultural heritage and applying techniques for document digital Image Processing (Doermann and Tombre, 2014) and Handwritten Text Recognition. These are shown in the leading projects developed by the Pattern Recognition and Human Language Technology (PRHLT) research center (Universitat Politècnica de València) or the Pattern Recognition and Document Analysis Group (DAG) of the Computer Vision Center (CVC) (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona). Movement (whether through the rhythm, velocity or direction of the motion of the writing instrument), materiality and evolution are the vectors that define the approach taken in these pages, a clearly Darwinian approach compared to the Linnaean or classificatory/taxonomic one used in paleography (Sta","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"1 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/opis-2021-0001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47088560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Propaganda Chimera: Unpacking the Iranian Perception Information Operations in the Arab World","authors":"Mona Elswah, M. Alimardani","doi":"10.1515/opis-2020-0122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0122","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the past four years, Iranian Information Operations (IOs) have received a lot of scrutiny by social media companies and policymakers. From 2018 to 2021, several accounts on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram were taken down by tech companies for engaging in coordinated inauthentic behaviour. Despite the heated relationship between Iran and many Arab countries, the Iranian IOs in the Arabic online sphere have received less academic attention over the years. This study fills this gap by being one of the few studies to investigate the Iranian IOs in the Arab world. We analyse more than 9.3 million tweets posted from 2008 to 2020 using the hashed datasets shared by Twitter’s Election Integrity Hub. We found that Iran’s IOs have made the Arab world its primary target—despite the attention the US claims to receive from them. However, these IOs demonstrate very little engagement and reach amongst Arab users, limiting the possibilities of Iran infiltrating the online Arabic sphere, and fostering weak yet unruly Arab counterpublics. This study argues that Iran’s IOs garner their power from being perceived as efficient and dangerous operations that could pollute the public sphere of overseas nations, rather than through actual infiltration through engagement. We understand Iran’s efforts to be preoccupied with old propaganda efforts, through their investment in websites and imitation of news organisations. However, their efforts prove that Iran adopted the tactics of “new propaganda” that depend on creating a perceived atmosphere of distrust and chaos. We contribute to the discussion on information operations by proposing the term “perception IOs”, referring to IOs by governments that aspire to be perceived as effective meddling countries in foreign politics.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"163 - 174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41535651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Political fact-checking in the Middle East: What news can be verified in the Arab world?","authors":"Abdelrahman Fakida","doi":"10.1515/opis-2020-0117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0117","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study examines the news selection processes followed by fact-checking organizations in the Middle East, specifically Egypt, Jordan, and the United Arab Emirates, and gatekeeping such organizations face while working under authoritarian rule. By reviewing fact-checked news posted on the Facebook pages of six Arabic language organizations: Da Begad, HereszTruth, Fatabyyano, Matsad2sh, MisbarFC, and Saheeh Masr, this study manually analyzes about 5,000 fact-checked news stories to understand the extent of political fact-checking performed on Arab presidents, heads of government, and rulers, along with the most verified news topics. Results show that organizations in the Middle East rarely fact-check Arab rulers or refute their claims, while their news selection process prioritizes human interest topics. The study suggests that Arab fact-checkers resort to self-censorship due to gatekeeping influences that impact the region’s media climate.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"124 - 139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44565807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"State-aligned misogynistic disinformation on Arabic Twitter: The attempted silencing of an Al Jazeera journalist","authors":"M. Jones","doi":"10.1515/opis-2020-0126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0126","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A product of the global rise of right-wing populism has been a seeming normalisation of gendered public disinformation, which portrays female public figures as unintelligent, untrustworthy, irrational, and libidinous. Social media has also allowed gendered disinformation to be used in targeted harassment campaigns that seek to intimidate and shame women, reducing their public visibility through psychological violence. Despite this, very few studies on social media involving the Arabic language have explored in detail this phenomenon in the Persian Gulf, despite numerous examples of harassment against women public figures. Since 2017, women journalists critical of regional governments have been subjected to increased attacks online, but none as intense as the attack on Al Jazeera anchor Ghada Oueiss in June 2020. Through keyword analysis, network analysis, and open-source intelligence techniques (OSINT), this paper highlights the intensity and scale of one such attack, identifying the increasing role of malinformation and disinformation in attempting to silence journalists. Such documentation can be useful in demonstrating the volume, velocity, and discursive nature of the attacks threatening women’s visibility online. This research also accounts for a potential mechanism of such attacks, which follow a playbook of: 1) leaking information through anonymous accounts, 2) co-opted or loyalist influencers amplifying the attacks, and 3) uncritical local media jumping on the attacks (breakout). From a transformative perspective, it is increasingly important that such attacks are documented, exposed, and analysed to provide evidentiary claims of such abuse. It also highlights the issues of such abuse in authoritarian regimes, who clamp down on online debate, except appear not to do so when the messaging reflects state propaganda.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"278 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42961415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disinformation under a networked authoritarian state: Saudi trolls’ credibility attacks against Jamal Khashoggi","authors":"Ahmed Al-Rawi","doi":"10.1515/opis-2020-0118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0118","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper deals with a case study that provides unique and original insight into social media credibility attacks against the Saudi journalist and activist, Jamal Khashoggi. To get the data, I searched all the state-run tweets sent by Arab trolls (78,274,588 in total), and I used Cedar, Canada’s supercomputer, to extract all the videos and images associated with references to Khashoggi. In addition, I searched Twitter’s full data archive to cross-examine some of the hashtag campaigns that were launched the day Khashoggi disappeared and afterwards. Finally, I used CrowdTangle to understand whether some of these hashtags were also used on Facebook and Instagram. I present here evidence that just a few hours after Khashoggi’s disappearance in the Saudi Consulate in Istanbul, Saudi trolls started a coordinated disinformation campaign against him to frame him as a terrorist, foreign agent for Qatar and Turkey, liar.... etc. The trolls also emphasized that the whole story of his disappearance and killing is a fabrication or a staged play orchestrated by Turkey and Qatar. The campaign also targeted his fiancée, Hatice Cengiz, alleging she was a spy, while later they cast doubt about her claims. Some of these campaigns were launched a few months after Khashoggi’s death. Theoretically, I argue that state-run disinformation campaigns need to incorporate the dimension of intended effect. In this case study, the goal is to tarnish the reputation and credibility of Khashoggi, even after he died, in an attempt to discredit his claims and political cause, influence different audiences especially the Saudi public, and potentially reduce sympathy towards him.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"140 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47794326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality control of digital representations of manuscript texts: proposal of a standards-based method","authors":"Jesús Robledano Arillo","doi":"10.1515/opis-2021-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2021-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study aims to propose a quality control method for digitized versions of manuscript documents that will be relevant for paleographical and codicological analysis. The methodology applied consisted of a systematic review of papers related to automated analysis of the physical characteristics of handwritings and document supports in the field of digital paleography, as well as of the numerous standards that have been emerging in the field of image engineering for quality assessment in digital image recordings. We also worked with a sample of 275 digital representations of pages or double pages of manuscript documentation dating to between the 12th and 17th centuries. As a result of this study, we propose a taxonomy of physical attributes of the handwritings and of their documentary supports that must be represented in the digital image with a high level of fidelity and without any distortions that could lead scholars to erroneous interpretations of the physical and formal characteristics of the original documents. On the basis of this taxonomy, we identified a set of typical distortions caused by digitization processes that can affect the recording quality of the physical attributes previously proposed, as well as a set of parameters and metrics for measuring quality that can be used to create a sufficiently exhaustive quality model. We also detected a series of limitations which, if not properly managed, can compromise the effectiveness of these types of controls.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"27 - 44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/opis-2021-0003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45196302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To Harm and Heal: Digital Disclosure and Support-Seeking for IPV Victims","authors":"J. Eckstein","doi":"10.1515/opis-2020-0120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0120","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Technology is used both to harm and assist people in romantic relationships. For intimate partner violence (IPV) victims, online forums, social media, and digital resources are used to cope with and/or seek support. What remains unknown is the extent to which in-person and digital abuse experiences affect victims’ subsequent preferences for and likelihood of using such channels to reveal and get help for their IPV. This study explored how abuse types and victims’ personal and relational characteristics affected preferences for and reported use of technology-mediated-disclosure and -support-seeking. Quantitative self-reports of IPV victims (N = 495; 157 men and 338 women) indicated sought target and media type (in-person or online, sex-specific or co-ed groups, open or closed digital platforms, professional- or lay-managed resources) each varied according to multiple personal (age, sex) and IPV-specific (physical, psychological, and digital abuse) factors; technological experiences; and disclosure and support-seeking practices and preferences of victims. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for digital wellness policies and practices.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"175 - 189"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41716394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adventures in Migrating Massive Archival Collections to Digital Commons","authors":"Michelle Emanuel","doi":"10.1515/opis-2021-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2021-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Giant collections of compound objects, with messy metadata, led to migration in batches and lessons learned. When the University of Mississippi Libraries implemented a campus-wide institutional repository, it also became necessary to use the same platform for nearly 100 digital collections, requiring migration from a locally hosted instance of CONTENTdm to the cloud-based Digital Commons. Because the collections were primarily comprised of compound objects, it was difficult to use harvesting protocol to populate the new repository, requiring new access copies to be reconfigured and uploaded as batches from the local servers after extensive metadata remediation.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"119 - 123"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41559362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manuscript Illumination in 19th-century Italy. Material Analysis of Two Partial Copies from the Squarcialupi Codex","authors":"Sebastian Bosch, A. Janke","doi":"10.1515/opis-2021-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2021-0006","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The illuminations in two Italian manuscripts are still a mystery today. Both manuscripts were based fully or partly on the Florentine Squarcialupi Codex (Florence, Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Med. Pal. 87) dating from around 1410/15. With the help of a multi-analytical, non-destructive approach employing mobile instrumentation (XRF spectroscopy, visible reflectance spectroscopy and infrared reflectography), we examined the manuscripts Toronto, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, MSS 09700 and Düsseldorf, Kunstpalast, Inv. K 1925-67 for the first time with regard to their production processes. The identification of modern pigments allows them to be contextualized in illumination practices of the 19th century. Manuals of that time provide a wealth of information on specific illumination practices and the availability of writing and painting materials, which correlates with the actual artefacts.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"63 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/opis-2021-0006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45220434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“The journey will be relaxed. You will watch television. Just like a VIP”: Misinformation, secrecy, and the information behaviour of repatriated migrants in Bangladesh","authors":"Nafiz Zaman Shuva","doi":"10.1515/opis-2020-0123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2020-0123","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper explores the information behaviour of repatriated migrants in Bangladesh in the context of their irregular migration. Using an exploratory qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight repatriated migrants in Bangladesh. This study provides insights into the culturally situated, complicated information behaviour of repatriated migrants in Bangladesh. The findings of this study show that repatriated migrants did not seek any information in the context of their irregular migration. It is evident that factors such as unrealistic perceptions and expectations about life abroad, desperate desire to relocate to another country, and trust in smugglers and their agents played a key role in their information seeking in the context of their irregular migration. The study revealed that some participants were unaware of the risk of taking an irregular journey and deceived by the misinformation shared by their smugglers and their agents. Some interviewees even claimed not to attempt to move to Malaysia if they were aware of the heavy risks associated with the move. The concepts of “migration as gambling” and “Aladdin’s lamp” emerged in this study have some implications for local informational program development aiming to educate vulnerable rural population about the risk of irregular migration and connect them with reliable migrational information sources. The study identified some information grounds such as the Bazaar and Betel fields, which might be useful in offering informational programs at those grounds. The findings related to the information behaviour of repatriated migrants have potential implications for research in various disciplines, including library and information science, migrational studies, geography, and psychology.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"233 - 249"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41463344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}