Open Information Science最新文献_第10页

Fake News and Propaganda: A Critical Discourse Research Perspective 假新闻与宣传:一个批判话语研究视角

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opis-2019-0014

Iulian Vamanu

{"title":"Fake News and Propaganda: A Critical Discourse Research Perspective","authors":"Iulian Vamanu","doi":"10.1515/opis-2019-0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2019-0014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Having been invoked as a disturbing factor in recent elections across the globe, fake news has become a frequent object of inquiry for scholars and practitioners in various fields of study and practice. My article draws intellectual resources from Library and Information Science, Communication Studies, Argumentation Theory, and Discourse Research to examine propagandistic dimensions of fake news and to suggest possible ways in which scientific research can inform practices of epistemic self-defense. Specifically, the article focuses on a cluster of fake news of potentially propagandistic import, employs a framework developed within Argumentation Theory to explore ten ways in which fake news may be used as propaganda, and suggests how Critical Discourse Research, an emerging cluster of theoretical and methodological approaches to discourses, may provide people with useful tools for identifying and debunking fake news stories. My study has potential implications for further research and for literacy practices. In particular, it encourages empirical studies of its guiding premise that people who became familiar with certain research methods are less susceptible to fake news. It also contributes to the design of effective research literacy practices.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"197 - 208"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/opis-2019-0014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48618191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 16

Critical Information Literacy as a Path to Resist “Fake News”: Understanding Disinformation as the Root Problem 批判信息素养是抵制“假新闻”的途径：将虚假信息理解为根本问题

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2019-01-01 DOI: 10.1515/opis-2019-0019

Anna Cristina Brisola, A. Doyle

{"title":"Critical Information Literacy as a Path to Resist “Fake News”: Understanding Disinformation as the Root Problem","authors":"Anna Cristina Brisola, A. Doyle","doi":"10.1515/opis-2019-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2019-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper proposes to discuss the problem of Fake News, its root problem disinformation and the path to resist it, critical information literacy. It initially distinguishes the concepts of fake news and disinformation through the views of authors as Allcott & Gentzkow (2017), Chomsky (2014), Serrano (2010) and Volkoff (1999). Our perspective considers that none of these phenomena are new or recent, and we do not consider the “combat” of fake news to be a simple task, considering that it involves issues related to the limits of freedom of speech and media censorship. Fake News are understood as intentionally and verifiably false articles created to manipulate people and disinformation as a bigger ensemble of techniques to manipulate public opinion for political gain with perverted (but not only false) information. One way to deal with these matters goes through a more complex process: the development of critical information literacy in the society as a whole. This concept is studied from the work of Downey (2016), Elmborg (2012), Freire (1967;1970) and others. Freire’s critical pedagogy helps the self-construction of subjects aware of their position and their social role, and it is a basic key for the formation of autonomous, critical and responsible individuals. Based on that, critical information literacy is a state of vigilance towards information that enables people to understand that information is socially constructed and to use it to produce new information in a creative and contextualized way. It concludes that critical information literacy is a consistent tool of resistance to Fake News as it allows people not only survive the informational flood but mainly to build a more ethical society in the use of information.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"3 1","pages":"274 - 286"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/opis-2019-0019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47354973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 12

Human, not too Human: Technology, Rites, and Identity 人类，不太人类:技术、仪式和身份

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/opis-2018-0015

Stefania Operto

引用次数: 1

User education, adjustment factors and use of online databases by postgraduate students in Nigeria 尼日利亚研究生的用户教育、调整因素和在线数据库的使用

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/OPIS-2018-0016

Anuoluwa Maria Ajala, Airen E. Adetimirin

{"title":"User education, adjustment factors and use of online databases by postgraduate students in Nigeria","authors":"Anuoluwa Maria Ajala, Airen E. Adetimirin","doi":"10.1515/OPIS-2018-0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/OPIS-2018-0016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Postgraduate students use online databases for various academic activities. However, past studies have revealed low utilisation of online databases by postgraduate students in Nigeria. The general objective of this study was to examine the influence of user education and adjustment factors (perceived enjoyment and objective usability) on use of online databases by postgraduate students of four private universities in southwest Nigeria. A descriptive survey research design of the correlational type was used, and the population was comprised of 1,067 postgraduate students in four private universities. A sample size of 513 was selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using a questionnaire and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings revealed varying degrees of usage, perceived enjoyment and objective usability of online databases among the respondents. The study established a significant relationship between: user education and use of online databases; perceived enjoyment and use of online databases; and objective usability and use of online databases. User education, perceived enjoyment and objective usability therefore influenced the use of online databases by the postgraduate students of the four universities.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"203 - 224"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/OPIS-2018-0016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44972716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

From Habits to Rituals: Rituals as Social Habits 从习惯到仪式:作为社会习惯的仪式

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2018-12-31 DOI: 10.1515/opis-2018-0014

Raffaela Giovagnoli

引用次数: 8

Scholarly Communication Practices in Humanities and Social Sciences: A Study of Researchers’ Attitudes and Awareness of Open Access 人文社会科学的学术传播实践:开放获取研究者的态度与意识研究

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2018-12-01 DOI: 10.1515/opis-2018-0013

Bhuva Narayan, E. Luca, Belinda Tiffen, Ashley England, Mal Booth, H. Boateng

{"title":"Scholarly Communication Practices in Humanities and Social Sciences: A Study of Researchers’ Attitudes and Awareness of Open Access","authors":"Bhuva Narayan, E. Luca, Belinda Tiffen, Ashley England, Mal Booth, H. Boateng","doi":"10.1515/opis-2018-0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2018-0013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper examines issues relating to the perceptions and adoption of open access (OA) and institutional repositories. Using a survey research design, we collected data from academics and other researchers in the humanities, arts and social sciences (HASS) at a university in Australia. We looked at factors influencing choice of publishers and journal outlets, as well as the use of social media and nontraditional channels for scholarly communication. We used an online questionnaire to collect data and used descriptive statistics to analyse the data. Our findings suggest that researchers are highly influenced by traditional measures of quality, such as journal impact factor, and are less concerned with making their work more findable and promoting it through social media. This highlights a disconnect between researchers’ desired outcomes and the efforts that they put in toward the same. Our findings also suggest that institutional policies have the potential to increase OA awareness and adoption. This study contributes to the growing literature on scholarly communication by offering evidence from the HASS field, where limited studies have been conducted. Based on the findings, we recommend that academic librarians engage with faculty through outreach and workshops to change perceptions of OA and the institutional repository.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"168 - 180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/opis-2018-0013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42407626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 23

Helping the Planet with Healthy Eating Habits 帮助地球养成健康的饮食习惯

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2018-11-01 DOI: 10.1515/opis-2018-0012

L. Baroni, Denise Filippin, Silvia Goggi

{"title":"Helping the Planet with Healthy Eating Habits","authors":"L. Baroni, Denise Filippin, Silvia Goggi","doi":"10.1515/opis-2018-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2018-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract A growing number of people are paying more attention to the concept of environmental sustainability, implementing sustainable eating practices to minimize the waste of resources, and the production of waste products related to the food production process. The careful application of sustainable eating practices makes it possible to help the environment, public health, and society by increasing the availability of food and farmland to feed every inhabitant on Earth. Individuals impact the environment through their eating because of three factors: food, energy used in the home, and transport. The most powerful of these factors is food. Animal food production involves a greater use of resources (raw materials, land, water, energy) and produces more pollutants (chemical residues from agriculture, greenhouse gases, manure) than plant-based food. Thus, a lifestyle based on eating plant foods is not only beneficial for the environment, but also protective of a consumer’s health. Alternative practices, such as using renewable energy sources or alternative fuels, however desirable they may be in combination with limiting the consumption of animal foods, are more difficult to implement across society. To change one’s eating habits is, on the other hand, a simple, fast, and inexpensive approach.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"156 - 167"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/opis-2018-0012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48859306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Ritual Artifacts as Symbolic Habits 作为象征习惯的仪式器物

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/opis-2018-0011

L. Magnani

引用次数: 7

What is a rite? Émile Durkheim, a hundred years later 什么是仪式？埃米尔·涂尔干，一百年后

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/opis-2018-0009

Lorenzo d’Orsi, F. Dei

{"title":"What is a rite? Émile Durkheim, a hundred years later","authors":"Lorenzo d’Orsi, F. Dei","doi":"10.1515/opis-2018-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2018-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper is focused on the anthropological concept of ritual, starting from Emile Durkheim's approach in Les formes élémentaires de la vie religieuse (1912). We discuss three different aspects of the Durkheimian perspective on religion and rituals: a) the sacred/profane dichotomy; b) the concept of collective representations - which establishes a substantial continuity between religious and scientific thought; c) a ‟practical” and performative interpretation of rites as the basis of social bond. During the twentieth century, these aspects have influenced different and sometimes opposing theoretical approaches (including ‟symbolist” and ‟neo-intellectualist” theories and Victor Turner's ‟anthropology of experience”). We briefly review each of them, arguing for the importance of reconsidering them into a unitary perspective, centred on religious phenomena as basically moral experiences and as the language of social relations. In the conclusions, we will show how such unitary approach helps us understand the transformations as well as the continuities of rituality in the individualized and secularized societies of what we call nowadays the Western world.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"115 - 126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/opis-2018-0009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45229397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Transformations in Breakthrough Research: The Emergence of Mirnas as a Research Routine in Molecular Biology 突破性研究的转变：Mirnas作为分子生物学研究常规的出现

Open Information Science Pub Date : 2018-10-01 DOI: 10.1515/opis-2018-0010

P. Kawalec

{"title":"Transformations in Breakthrough Research: The Emergence of Mirnas as a Research Routine in Molecular Biology","authors":"P. Kawalec","doi":"10.1515/opis-2018-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1515/opis-2018-0010","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Of the three main areas of science studies that emerged after WWII (Kawalec, 2018), namely social studies of science, economics of knowledge and scientometrics, it was the latter that gained particular prominence in science policy around the 1990’s with the advent of New Public Management (Pollitt, Thiel, & Homburg, 2007). One of its focal areas has been identification of emerging topics in science. They are incessantly assumed to be an outcome of a simple cumulative progress of scientific knowledge (Price, 1976; Merton, 1988; Bird, 2007; Fochler, 2016). In my paper I challenge this assumption of simple cumulativity and argue that the emergence of breakthrough topics in science is preceded by a sequence of transformation phases. Using the example of “microRNA&cancer” as an emergent topic identified by a quantitative analysis of a large dataset of publications (Small et al. 2014) I demonstrate that the proposed analysis of transformation phases complements big data quantitative analyses with theoretical understanding of the dynamics mechanism and, in effect, leads to a more adequate characterization of the topic itself as well as a more precise identification of the source publications. While the proposed method uses a more complex (meso-level) unit of analysis (i.e. “research routines”) instead of citations and co-occurrence of single publications (micro-level), it integrates quantitative with qualitative analyses.","PeriodicalId":32626,"journal":{"name":"Open Information Science","volume":"2 1","pages":"127 - 146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1515/opis-2018-0010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48078694","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4