Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab最新文献

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The Style of Parallelism in Malay Poetry 马来诗歌中的平行体裁
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.37052/jb22(2)no2
M. F. Jaafar, Khazri Osman
{"title":"The Style of Parallelism in Malay Poetry","authors":"M. F. Jaafar, Khazri Osman","doi":"10.37052/jb22(2)no2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37052/jb22(2)no2","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores the various patterns and meanings of parallelism in Malay poetry. For this purpose, this study has selected one of the famous poets in Malaysia, A. Latiff Mohidin, who is found to be very consistent in the usage of various patterns of parallelism in his works. He is more well known for his individualism and visualism styles. This study will examine his famous work titled The Mekong River, which was first published in 1974. The patterns of parallelism were analyzed from the grammatical aspects, namely phonological parallelism, morphological parallelism and syntactic parallelism. The results showed that the poet has used a very rigid parallelism technique by regulating sounds, words and sentence structure. The poet has also incorporated the parallelism and repetition aspects in his work. The parallelism element was found in all positions, namely at the beginning, middle and end of lines. In terms of meaning, Latiff is more likely to use antithetic and synthetic parallelism. The results of this study contribute to the style of Latiff Mohidin in particular and the Malay style of poetry in general.","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89096888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reconstructing the Phonology of Jakun Language Vowels: A Diachronic Phonological Analysis with Proto-Malay 雅昆语元音音系的重建:原始马来语的历时音系分析
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.37052/jb22(2)no1
Mohamad Rozi Kazim
{"title":"Reconstructing the Phonology of Jakun Language Vowels: A Diachronic Phonological Analysis with Proto-Malay","authors":"Mohamad Rozi Kazim","doi":"10.37052/jb22(2)no1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37052/jb22(2)no1","url":null,"abstract":"This study discusses the Jakun language spoken by the Jakun Orang Asli community in the state of Johor. The objective of this study is to describe the process of vowel phonology of the Jakun language by comparing it with the process of vowel phonology of the Proto-Malay language that has been reconstructed by Adelaar (1992). This diachronic comparison is done to get the true phonological form of the Jakun language. This objective was achieved by using the rule ordering theory by Chomsky and Halle (1968). Next, this study uses a descriptive qualitative method to describe the collected field data. The results of this study have shown the true form of vowel phonology of the Jakun language in the state of Johor. Among the new findings of this study is the rejection of the statement by Carey (1976), who considers that the Jakun language has now lost its original nature and borrows Malay vocabulary only. This study has also found that the Jakun language does not borrow from the Malay language, but it is one of the branches of the Malay language, namely the Proto-Malay language. In addition, one of the new findings in this study is that there are vowels in the Jakun language that became nasal due to the process of regressive vowel induction. This phenomenon is considered special because the vowels in the closed syllable before the nasal and pharyngeal consonants at the end of the word receive nasal features from the nasal and pharyngeal consonants backwards. The existence of this regressive vowel origin can be said to be a new discovery in this study because this phonological process does not occur in standard Malay yet exists in other dialects, such as the Pattani Gerik dialect. The results of this study are expected to be a starting point for more research on the Jakun language elsewhere and on other Orang Asli languages.","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89753082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Syllabification of High Vowels in the Kerinci Language: An Autosegmental Phonological Analysis 克里西语高元音的音节化:自分音音系分析
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.37052/jb22(2)no3
Nur Farahkhanna Mohd Rusli, Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz
{"title":"The Syllabification of High Vowels in the Kerinci Language: An Autosegmental Phonological Analysis","authors":"Nur Farahkhanna Mohd Rusli, Adi Yasran Abdul Aziz","doi":"10.37052/jb22(2)no3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37052/jb22(2)no3","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this article is to explain the syllabification of high vowels /i/ and /u/ at the nucleus position in the Kerinci language. In this language, the high vowels /i/ and /u/ at the nucleus position will undergo changes - for example, /i/, /u/, /is/ and /us/ will be realized as [aj], [aw], [ajh] and [awh]. In order to explain the phonological processes, each problem was analyzed using the theory of autosegmental phonology (Goldsmith, 1976, 1990). There are three processes involved in the theory, namely linking, delinking and features spreading. The phonological modifications involving the high vowels can be adequately explained based on the process of syllabification that is couched in the CV skeletal model of McCarthy (1981). The data for this study were obtained through three different methods, namely library research, observation and interviews. The instruments used in this study were a recorder, questionnaires and notebooks. The informants selected for this study comprised five men and women who are aged 50 years and above, who are native speakers of Kerinci Semerap dialect, and were born in Kabupaten Kerinci, West Sumatera, Indonesia. However, they have been living in Kampung Batu 21 Sungai Lui, Hulu Langat, Selangor, for more than 30 years. The finding showed that the high vowels /i/ and /u/ at the nucleus of word final syllable are linked to the coda nodes and surfaces as the glides [j] and [w]. Thus, the analysis of the syllabification of high vowels at the coda position explains the application of vowel [a] in the output of words such as [mã.taj] “dead”, [sa.taw] “one”, [tu.lajh] “write” and [lu.rawh] “straight” based on the CV skeletal model of McCarthy (1981).","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"115 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79041592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Application of Syntactic Analysis in Children's Fiction Essays by Slow Learner Students in Primary School: Focus on Sentence Building 句法分析在小学慢学习者儿童小说作文中的应用:以造句为重点
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-10-29 DOI: 10.37052/jb22(2)no6
N. Yaakob, Awang Sariyan, Syed Nurulakla Bin Syed Abdullah
{"title":"Application of Syntactic Analysis in Children's Fiction Essays by Slow Learner Students in Primary School: Focus on Sentence Building","authors":"N. Yaakob, Awang Sariyan, Syed Nurulakla Bin Syed Abdullah","doi":"10.37052/jb22(2)no6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37052/jb22(2)no6","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on the application of syntactic analysis in the aspect of sentence building in children's fiction essays by slow learner students in primary school in Selangor and Putrajaya, Malaysia. The objectives of this study are: to analyze the structure of syntactic elements produced in children's fiction essays by a selected sample; to associate the structure analysis of the syntactic elements with the ability of the study sample in the writing of children's fiction essays from a language point of view; as well as to recommend teaching and learning (PdP) strategies in the aspect of writing for slow learner students. The syntactic aspect selected for the analysis of this study is the build-up of the sentence, which includes a single sentence, a combined compound sentence, a plural sentence of spikes and a mixed compound sentence. The construction aspect of a sentence is a basic aspect of syntax that needs to be mastered in order to convey information. The syntactic analysis model used is a model highlighted by Awang (2015), which is an adaptation of the Short and Leech Models (1981, 2007) in the fictional prose analysis method. From the analysis, it was found that the sample of this study consists of slow learner students who are able to apply syntactic analysis to produce sentences in syntactic hierarchies, from single sentences (the simplest sentences) to more complex sentences (combined compound sentences and spike compound sentences).","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83145177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
PEMBELAJARAN MAHĀRAT AL-KALĀM DI SMP ALAM BANYUWANGI ISLAMIC SCHOOL
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-07-30 DOI: 10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.145-153
Amirul Mukminin, Aisyatul Hanun, Ahmad Zaini
{"title":"PEMBELAJARAN MAHĀRAT AL-KALĀM DI SMP ALAM BANYUWANGI ISLAMIC SCHOOL","authors":"Amirul Mukminin, Aisyatul Hanun, Ahmad Zaini","doi":"10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.145-153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.145-153","url":null,"abstract":"Maharat al-kalam is one of the most important language skills, because with this maharat someone communicates with one another, and also as a transmitter of information that someone wants to convey. However, not all institutions can implement daily learning activities using Arabic as has been implemented in SMP Alam Banyuwangi Islamic School. So that it is considered a role model for other institutions that want to implement maharat al-kalam due to its achievements so far in optimizing speaking Arabic in the learning process, even in everyday life. The research method used in this research is qualitative with case studies and data collection techniques through observation, documentation, and in-depth interviews. The research objectives in this article are: First, to analyze the implementation of mahārat al-kalām learning approaches, methods and techniques in SMP Alam Banyuwangi Islamic School Banyuwangi. Second, explain the problems of implementing the approach, method and technique of learning mahārat al-kalām at the institution. Third, solutions in the implementation of mahārat al-kalām learning approaches, methods and techniques at SMP Alam Banyuwangi Islamic School Banyuwangi.","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86071456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
METODE PEMBELAJARAN KITAB KUNING 学习黄书的方法
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-07-29 DOI: 10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.139-144
Maskuri Maskuri, Mohammad Kholison, Wildatul Islamiyah
{"title":"METODE PEMBELAJARAN KITAB KUNING","authors":"Maskuri Maskuri, Mohammad Kholison, Wildatul Islamiyah","doi":"10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.139-144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.139-144","url":null,"abstract":"Every learning process, will never be separated from a method, as well as in learning the kitab kuning, because the method is one of the determinants of achieving maximum learning outcomes. So it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study related to the kitab kuning learning method and the stages in the kitab kuning learning. This study is set in the class of the Daru al-Kutub Education Foundation of the Bebidas Wanasaba Islamic Boarding School in East Lombok. By using a case study type qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out by means of interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this study are: first, the stages of learning the yellow book in the class include: dividing the students (santri) into several classes according to their level of ability, determining the books to be taught to students according to their level, and making rules. Second, the kitab kuning learning method in class is to use several methods commonly used in the kitab kuning learning process, such as the sorogan, bandongan, memorization, and mudzakarah methods, as well as holding weekly evaluations and monthly evaluations.","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74409976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
ANALISIS TERHADAP MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB DI MTs-NU Al-ISLAMIYAH ASEMBAGUS MENURUT TEORI MC CLELLAD 根据MC CLELLAD理论,分析了学生在MTs-NU伊斯兰会议上学习阿拉伯语的动机
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-07-27 DOI: 10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.132-138
Akhsan Akhsan, Ahmadi Muhammadiyah
{"title":"ANALISIS TERHADAP MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA PADA PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB DI MTs-NU Al-ISLAMIYAH ASEMBAGUS MENURUT TEORI MC CLELLAD","authors":"Akhsan Akhsan, Ahmadi Muhammadiyah","doi":"10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.132-138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.132-138","url":null,"abstract":"This reserch aims to determine the students' motivation in learning Arabic at MTs-NU Al-Islamiyah Asembagus and to determine the inhibiting and supporting factors that make students motivated or not motivated to learn Arabic. The problem formulation that has been determined is then analyzed using McClelland's theory. The type of this research is a qualitative research with the research subjects 8 students of class VIII and 8 students of IX. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using qualitative descriptive. The data obtained came from Arabic teachers and students of grades VIII and IX. The results showed that: 1) The majority of students at MTs-NU Al-Islamiyah Asembagus do not yet have the motivation to learn Arabic. 2) Based on McClelland's theory, it shows that students who have motivation to learn Arabic do not really pursue achievement with high rankings, the majority of students like competition.","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90382101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
الطريقة السمعية الشفهية وتطبيقها في تعليم اللغة العربية 听觉方法及其在阿拉伯语教学中的应用
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.109-121
Shofwatul Fu’adah, Nur Agung, Agus Nu’man
{"title":"الطريقة السمعية الشفهية وتطبيقها في تعليم اللغة العربية","authors":"Shofwatul Fu’adah, Nur Agung, Agus Nu’man","doi":"10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.109-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.109-121","url":null,"abstract":"The Sam’iyah Syafahiyah or Audiolingual method arose in the fifties of the twentieth century as a of applying the doctrine of foreign language learning with the aim to helping American officers and soldiers acquire the languages ​​of the peoples who were fighting them during war in quick and fruitful ways.  Then this method developed rapidly and was used in language learning in the world including in learning English and Arabic language. This method is a combination of behaviorism theory in psychology and structural theory in linguistics and based on a structural approach in language teaching. The purpose of this method is to master the four language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. This is not much different from other language teaching methods, however the principle of this method is to teach speaking skills before writing \"hearing and speaking\" first, then reading and writing after that. This study aims to explore the early emergence of the Sam’iyah Syafahiyah method, so this study uses the literature study method in finding the data. The points in this study include the history of the emergence of the Sam’iyah Syafahiyah method, the theories and approaches used by this method, the functions of the learning elements (including teacher, students and teaching materials), the practice in learning Arabic language and the advantages and disadvantages of the Sam’iyah Syafahiyah method in learning Arabic language.","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76246658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CAMPUR KODE DAN ALIH KODE DALAM LIRIK LAGU “SENANDUNG RINDU” SYUBBANUL MUSLIMIN PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLINGUISTIK 在《现代穆斯林社会学透视》的歌词中混合代码和编码
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-07-25 DOI: 10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.122-131
Malyuna Milyari Faidah
{"title":"CAMPUR KODE DAN ALIH KODE DALAM LIRIK LAGU “SENANDUNG RINDU” SYUBBANUL MUSLIMIN PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLINGUISTIK","authors":"Malyuna Milyari Faidah","doi":"10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.122-131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.122-131","url":null,"abstract":"This research about code mixing and code switching in sociolinguistic studies. The analysis of code mixing and code switching was carried out throught the lyrics of the song “Senandung Rindu” by the Syubbanul Muslimin, rebana vocal group. The background of code code mixing and code switching in the lyrics of the song because Indonesian people have bilingual or multilingual. They are able to use two or more different languages when interacting wich each other. This research was conducted with a descriptive qualitative research method. The method of data collection by recording, free listening, recording, and data recapitulation techniques. The result of this research are : there are eight code mixing that found in the lyrics of the song “Senandung Rindu”, the form is outer code mixing and also of alternation, that found one form of clause code mixing and the other of a phrase, there are six code switching that found in the song’s lyrics and the form is internal code switching.","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79389781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
تحليل الأخطاء في نطق الحروف الهجائية في مهارة القراءة لدى تلاميذ الصف التاسع في معهد سيماطركيس بباسامان الشرقية 东巴萨曼西马塔尔基斯学院九年级学生阅读能力拼写错误分析
Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab Pub Date : 2022-07-24 DOI: 10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.102-108
Rika Fitri Handayani
{"title":"تحليل الأخطاء في نطق الحروف الهجائية في مهارة القراءة لدى تلاميذ الصف التاسع في معهد سيماطركيس بباسامان الشرقية","authors":"Rika Fitri Handayani","doi":"10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.102-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35316/lahjah.v3i2.102-108","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of this study is to determine the analysis of the pronunciation errors of the alphabet in the reading skills of ninth grade students at Sematrix Institute in East Basaman. The type of research used by the researcher in this research is field research. The tools used to collect information are observation, interviews and documentation. As for the results of the study, the pronunciation errors of the alphabet in the reading skills of the novice Symatrix students in East Basaman were twenty letters. Reasons for errors in the pronunciation of the alphabet on the reading skills of beginner Symatrix students in East Basaman in Arabic, both linguistically and non-linguistically. The teacher is interested in the student's pronunciation on the differences in phonemic functions that lead to errors in changing the meaning of words, the words are pronounced correctly. That the teacher uses secondary pair exercises, such as: walking and being, and paying attention to the students' pronunciation. The teacher explains with direct explanation how to distinguish letters and their descriptions with the help of signs and movements of the face and hand. The teacher encourages the students to overcome their mistakes and explains to the students the importance of the Arabic language for them.","PeriodicalId":32566,"journal":{"name":"Arabiyatuna Jurnal Bahasa Arab","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79742475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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