ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)最新文献

{"title":"Restricciones a motocicletas y sus efectos sobre el crimen en Colombia (Motorcycle Restrictions and Their Effects on Crime in Colombia)","authors":"E. Martínez-González, Michael Weintraub, Leonardo Bonilla","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3659686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3659686","url":null,"abstract":"Aunque las restricciones a motocicletas han sido adoptadas en mas de 25 ciudades en Colombia para reducir el crimen, no existe evidencia empirica que demuestre su efectividad. Este documento evalua el impacto de seis de estas medidas. Para identificar el efecto causal de las politicas, estimamos modelos de diferencia-en-diferencias que explotan la variacion espacial y temporal de las restricciones usando datos georeferenciados de crimen. No encontramos grandes efectos de estas medidas, ni efectos duraderos, sobre el delito. Dado los costos de vigilar su cumplimiento y los costos que se imponen sobre la ciudadania, las autoridades locales deberian buscar otras alternativas de politica publica en materia de seguridad.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126301879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Remarkable Variability in SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies across Brazilian Regions: Report on Two Successive Nationwide Serological Household Surveys","authors":"P. Hallal, F. Hartwig, Bernardo Lessa Horta, M. Silveira, C. Struchiner, Luís Paulo Vidaleti, Nelson Arns Neumann, L. Pellanda, O. Dellagostin, M. Burattini, A. Menezes, F. Barros, A. Barros, C. Victora","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3640428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3640428","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Population based data on COVID-19 are essential for guiding public policies. There are few such studies, particularly from low or middle-income countries. Brazil is currently a hotspot for COVID-19 globally. \u0000 \u0000Methods: We report on two waves of seroprevalence surveys relying upon on household probabilistic samples of 133 large sentinel cities in all Brazilian states, including 25,025 participants in the first wave (May 14-21) and 31,165 in the second wave (June 4-7). Presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 was assessed using a lateral flow point-of-care test. Seroprevalence estimates were adjusted for test’s sensitivity and specificity. \u0000 \u0000Results: For the 83 cities with sample sizes of 200 or more tests in both phases, the pooled seroprevalence increased from 1.9% (95% CI 1.7%;2.1%) to 3.1% (2.8%;3.4%) over the 3-week period. City-level prevalence ranged from 0.0% to 25.4% in both phases. Eleven of the 16 cities with prevalence above 2.0% in the first wave were located in a stretch along the Amazon river in the Northern region; in the second wave, there were 34 cities with prevalence above 2%, which included the same 11 Amazon cities as well as 14 from the Northeast region, where prevalence is increasing rapidly. Prevalence levels were markedly lower in the South and Centre-West regions, and intermediate in the Southeast, where the highest level was found in Rio de Janeiro at 7.5% (4.2%;12.2%) in the second wave. In the second round, prevalence was similar in men and women, but higher levels were observed for subjects aged 20-59 years, and for those living in crowded conditions. Indigenous people had prevalence levels 6.4% (4.1%;9,4%) compared to 1.4% (1.2%;1.7%) among whites. Prevalence in the poorest socioeconomic quintile was 3.7% (3.2%;4.3%) compared to 1.7% (1.4%;2.2%) in the wealthiest quintile. \u0000 \u0000Interpretation: Our results suggest that pandemic is highly heterogenous, with rapid escalation in Brazil’s North and Northeast, and slow progression in the South and Center-West regions. Prevalence is strongly associated with indigenous ancestry and low socioeconomic position.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122454562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"El Conflicto Colombia – Perú 1932 1933, Y El Inicio De La Política De Industrialización En Colombia (Colombian-Peruvian Conflict in the Amazon Region.1932–1933. Start of Government Industrialization Oriented Policy)","authors":"José Pérez-Toro","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3627207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3627207","url":null,"abstract":"Spanish abstract: El conflicto con Peru conocido como la guerra Colombo-Peruana ocurrio entre los anos 1932 y 1933, y se llevo a cabo en la cuenca del rio Putumayo y la ciudad de Leticia, ubicada en la antigua comisaria colombiana en el rio Amazonas. El punto de discordia puede decir que fueron las clausulas del Tratado Lozano-Salomon, como en el acuerdo que los peruanos pretendian anexionar el sur de la zona de la Ribera del Rio Putumayo y parte de su territorio, encerrando geograficamente al Ecuador, mientras que Colombia cedio parte de su territorio y solo permanecio con la franja del trapecio amazonico. El pais supo aprovechar las circunstancias del conflicto con Peru para revivir el sentimiento de nacionalismo y capitalizar en el Estado esta situacion de crisis de relaciones internacionales para justificar la introduccion de mecanismos de financiamiento interno que apoye firmemente el creciente proceso de industrializacion del pais. El documento explora en profundidad estas acciones tomadas por la clase de industriales emergentes para ocupar un lugar importante en el creciente mercado nacional con base en esta politica de capitalizacion. \u0000 \u0000English abstract: The conflict with Peru known as Colombo-Peruvian war occurred between the years of 1932 and 1933, and was carried out in the basin of the Putumayo River and the city of Leticia, located in the former Colombian police station in the Amazon River. The point of contention can say that they were the clauses of the Treaty Lozano-Salomon, as in the accord Peruvians intended to annex the South of the Putumayo River Bank area and some of its territory, enclosing geographically to Ecuador, while Colombia ceded part of its territory and only remained with the strip of the Amazonian trapezium. The country knew how to take advantage of the circumstances of the conflict with Peru to relive the feeling of nationalism and capitalize on the State this situation of crisis of international relations to justify the introduction of internal financing mechanisms that strongly supported the rising process of the industrialization of the country. The paper explores in depth these actions taken by emerging industrialist’s class to occupy an important place in the enlarging national market with base in this capitalization policy.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124473053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bank Risk Determinants in Latin America","authors":"Mariña Martínez-Malvar, Laura Baselga-Pascual","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3606491","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3606491","url":null,"abstract":"Systemic Banking crises are a recurrent phenomenon that affects society, and there is a need for a better understanding of the risk factors to support prudential regulation and reduce unnecessary risk intake in the financial system. This paper examines the main bank risk determinants in Latin America. The period analysed covers the timespan from 1999 to 2013, including the systemic banking crisis episodes in Argentina (2001–2003) and Uruguay (2002–2005). We apply a new data-driven comparable methodology to classify and select commercial banks from the sample. We study bank risk proxied by the Z-score. We use the system-GMM estimator as our main empirical analysis method. According to our results, well capitalized, liquid, and traditional commercial banks are less risky. We perform robustness tests by applying OLS, and the results resemble our original model.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128893990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unemployment Dynamics and Informality in Small Open Economies","authors":"Jaroslav Horvath, Guanyi Yang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3598597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3598597","url":null,"abstract":"Despite the typically more pronounced aggregate fluctuations in emerging market economies (EMEs), this paper documents that EMEs exhibit a lower relative volatility and countercyclicality of unemployment rate than small open advanced economies. We link these differences to the larger informal economy in EMEs. We build a small-open-economy model that combines a formal sector featuring labor search frictions with a frictionless informal sector. A larger informal sector amplifies the impact of productivity shocks on formal output, consumption, and employment, while dampening their impact on unemployment. Varying the degree of informality explains a significant fraction of differences in unemployment dynamics across small open economies.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131383590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal Financial Inclusion","authors":"Peterson K. Ozili","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3551463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3551463","url":null,"abstract":"This article reports the conditions for optimality in financial inclusion. The optimal level of financial inclusion is achieved when basic financial services are provided to members of the population at a price that is affordable and that price is also economically sufficient to encourage providers of financial services to provide such financial services on a continual basis. Any level of financial inclusion that does not meet these conditions is sub-optimal. The consequence of sub-optimal levels of financial inclusion are reported and I show that maintaining a sub-optimal level of financial inclusion – which is common in many countries – is incentive-inefficient both for users and suppliers of basic financial services.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114336104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Is Fish Brain Food or Brain Poison? Sea Surface Temperature, Methyl-Mercury and Child Cognitive Development","authors":"M. Rosenzweig, Rafael J. Santos","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3570110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3570110","url":null,"abstract":"We exploit variation in the composition of local fish catches around the time of birth using administrative and census data on adult cognitive test scores, schooling attainment, and occupation among coastal populations in Colombia to estimate the causal effects of early-life consumption of methylmercury (MeHg) and DHA, elements contained in fish, on cognitive development. Using an IV strategy based on an equilibrium model of fish supply that exploits time-series variation in oceanic SST anomalies on both coasts of Colombia from 1950 to 2014 as instruments, we find that net of cohort and municipality fixed effects increases in high-(low-)MeHg fish catches around a cohort’s birth negatively (positively) affect the cohort’s verbal and math test scores upon exiting high school and their likelihood of continuing their schooling, while increasing (decreasing) the likelihood the cohort is disproportionally represented in manual-labor occupations.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132953857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and Underperformance in the Barbados Economy, 1946-2018","authors":"Delisle Worrell","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3568543","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3568543","url":null,"abstract":"In the years since World War II Barbados was transformed from a desperately poor society, with only a tiny middle class, to today's economy of mostly middle-income earners, which is ranked by the UNDP among the highest level of human development globally. In this chapter we discover that the transformation took place, for the most part, in the 1950s and 1960s. Thereafter, economic development gains were modest, and the economy has performed well below its economic potential. The chapter tells the story of the changeover from sugar to tourism as the mainstay of the economy, and the factors that affected investment and growth. The phases of growth, the pressures on the balance of payments and the economic crises that have occurred are analysed, and the impact of Government policies on growth and economic stability is explored in depth. The chapter concludes with thoughts on the way forward for Barbados and the Caribbean.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126923204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inversión social privada y desarrollo local en Colombia. Estudio comparativo a partir de programas de empresas y fundaciones (Private Social Investment and Local Development in Colombia. A Comparative Study Based on Programs of Companies and Foundations)","authors":"María Claudia Romero Amaya, Óscar Iván Pérez Hoyos","doi":"10.18601/16578651.n26.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n26.07","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the article is to determine the way in which private social investment – psi is linked with local development, based on the comparative analysis of 37 programs of compa­nies and foundations in Colombia, within the framework of their strategies of social respon­sibility and sustainability, and two categories: dimensions of local development (economic, sociocultural, governance and environmen­tal), and characteristics of programs (location and period). The article finds that the psi is not linked integrally with local development, because it shows patrons of convergence in aspects related with economic and sociocul­tural dimensions and patrons of divergence associated with governance and the environ­ment. In addition, the psi does not have the capacity to make significant contributions to reduce territorial gaps, since it concentrates in departments and urban sectors with the best socio-economic indicators.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115830130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"La actividad carbonífera en Colombia: un análisis a partir de los instrumentos de ordenamiento territorial y planificación socioeconómica (Coal Mining Activity in Colombia: An Analysis From Instruments of Socioeconomic Development and Territorial Planning)","authors":"Johann Dilak Julio Estrada, Sandra Milena Bulla Ortega, Julio César Rojo Ospina","doi":"10.18601/16578651.n26.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18601/16578651.n26.06","url":null,"abstract":"El presente articulo analiza el estado de la produccion minera de carbon en Colombia a partir de la vocacion presente en los muni­cipios donde dicha actividad se desarrolla. En la ultima decada, el desarrollo de la actividad minera en Colombia ha tenido un incremento positivo, destacandose como el quinto mayor productor y exportador de carbon en el mun­do; sin embargo, este desarrollo no guarda una estrecha relacion con los indicadores sociales de los municipios que soportan la actividad. La investigacion intenta establecer como el re­conocimiento de la actividad minera por parte de los instrumentos de desarrollo socioecono­mico y de planeacion territorial es una variable que puede explicar este fenomeno. El abordaje metodologico consistio en establecer relaciones entre el volumen de la produccion y la presen­cia o no de directrices dentro de los instrumen­tos de planeacion que permitiesen observar el reconocimiento de la vocacion minera dentro de los territorios y como esta podria apuntar a facilitar el desarrollo de la actividad. Para adelantar dicho proposito se construyo una tipologia basada en las caracteristicas de la produccion en la que se sistematizo y analizo la informacion en cuatro categorias. El analisis permitio identificar resultados no parametricos sobre la vocacion de los territorios y el recono­cimiento de la actividad minera como pilar de la actividad economica del municipio, la cual se puede explicar a partir del grado de impor­tancia y mencion que dicha actividad registra en la agenda de planeacion municipal.","PeriodicalId":324969,"journal":{"name":"ERN: Latin America & the Caribbean (Development) (Topic)","volume":"381 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122347894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}