Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science最新文献

{"title":"Effects of nitrogen on development and growth of the leaves of vegetables. 1. Appearance, expansion growth and life span of leaves of Brussels sprouts plants","authors":"H. Biemond, J. Vos, P. Struik","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V43I2.578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V43I2.578","url":null,"abstract":"In greenhouse pot trials, Brussels sprouts cv. Icarus SG2004 plants were supplied with various amounts of N at different stages during growth. The rate of leaf emergence ranged from 0.39 to 0.72 per day and was significantly increased by increasing N application rate. Leaf expansion rate and mature leaf area increased with leaf number, reaching maximum values between leaf number 10 and 20 and decreasing subsequently. Plants receiving more N had a higher total green leaf area per plant, due to more and larger green leaves. Specific leaf area of all leaves declined gradually from 130-230 cmsuperscript 2/g (depending on experiment) at about 30 days after planting to 60 cmsuperscript 2/g at the end of the experiments and was usually significantly increased by increasing N application rate.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121874777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modelling the carbon cycle of grassland in the Netherlands under various management strategies and environmental conditions.","authors":"A. Dasselaar, E. Lantinga","doi":"10.18174/njas.v43i2.575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v43i2.575","url":null,"abstract":"A simulation model of the grassland carbon cycle (CCGRASS) was developed to evaluate the long-term effects of different management strategies and various environmental conditions on carbon sequestration in a loam soil under permanent grassland in the Netherlands. The model predicted that the rate of increase in the amount of soil organic carbon will be greatest at low to moderate application rates of nitrogen (100-250 kg N/ha per year). This is because the annual gross photosynthetic uptake of CO2 in permanent grassland is hardly influenced by the level of N supply. Since N shortage stimulates the growth of the unharvested plant parts (roots and stubble) the carbon supply to the soil is highest at low to moderate N application rates. The rate of increase in soil organic carbon will be greater under grazing than under mowing as a result of a greater amount of carbon added to the soil. Increase of atmospheric CO2 concn may induce an increase in decomposition rate of soil organic matter due to simultaneously increased temperatures. At the same time, plant productivity and thus carbon supply to the soil will be stimulated due to the CO2-fertilization effect. Assuming a temperature increase of 3 degrees C if the present atmospheric CO2 concn doubles, the model predicted that the combined effect of elevated CO2 and temperature will slightly reduce the rate of increase in the amount of organic carbon in grassland soils compared to that under unchanged environmental conditions. There was 2% less carbon sequestration by grassland at the end of a 100 year period as a result of these changes in environmental conditions. The separate effects of increased temperature or elevated CO2 were 10% less and 10% more carbon storage after 100 years, resp.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1995-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131503320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An environmental yardstick in farm economic modelling of future pesticide use: The case of arable farming","authors":"J. Verhoeven, G. Wossink, J. Reus","doi":"10.18174/njas.v42i4.592","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v42i4.592","url":null,"abstract":"The integration of a new environmental yardstick for pesticide use in an economic farm model designed to monitor the environmental-economic interplay under changing price and policy conditions is discussed. The model is used to compare the effects of two control systems for pesticide use in arable farming in the Netherlands: the governmental system focusing on the amount of active ingredients used per hectare; and an alternative based on the detailed environmental criteria of the yardstick. The application for arable farming on a sandy soil indicates that, in the context of the national pesticides use reduction objectives for the year 2000, the economic effects of the two systems are similar. The environmental implications are far better represented by the yardstick, however.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"145 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1994-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114658442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand to application of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and lime: 2. Soil solution composition.","authors":"G. Arnold, I. L. Sweers, A. Diest","doi":"10.18174/njas.v41i4.635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v41i4.635","url":null,"abstract":"In 1985-88, a 25-yr-old Scots pine forest in Netherlands was limed (5 levels) and fertilized with P, K and Mg in a factorial design. This paper discusses the influence of P, K and Mg addition (as one treatment) and liming, on solute concentrations at depths of 30 cm, i.e. in the root zone (monitored September 1989 - April 1992) and 100-150 cm, i.e. below the root zone (April 1991). Liming increased NO3 concentrations at both depths. At 30 cm this effect of liming gradually vanished during the study period, concurrently with declining soil solution pH, while an increasing effect of PKMg on NO3 developed. Probably it took several years for nitrifying microflora to adapt to improved nutrient availability, while the effect of liming was instantaneous. These data show that besides liming, fertilization may increase NO3 leaching. NH4 was not affected by any treatment. Applied K and Mg compounds were easily soluble, and their soil solution concentrations were increased at both depths in PKMg-amended plots. Probably slow-release fertilizers would allow for a more efficient incorporation of K and Mg into the system's biomass. Reducing effects of liming on soluble Al were weak (30 cm) or absent (100-150 cm). Al at 30 cm did not reach concentrations known to be harmful to Scots pine, but Ca:Al ratios were critical in unlimed plots. No evidence was found for enhanced cation leaching caused by increased formation of nitric acid in limed plots.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114837205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Response of a Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) stand to application of phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and lime. 1. Soil data","authors":"G. Arnold, A. Diest","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V41I4.634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V41I4.634","url":null,"abstract":"In 1985-1988, a 25-yr-old Scots pine forest in Netherlands was limed and fertilized with P, K and Mg in a 24 factorial design and in an experiment with 5 liming levels, in order to alleviate potential nutrient deficiencies as a result of high N depositions (ca. 40 kg ha-1 yr-1). In this paper, effects of fertilization and liming on nutrients in forest floor and mineral soil are discussed as a basis for explanation of foliar nutrient concentrations and tree performance. Of all treatments, liming showed the widest array of effects, especially in forest floor: raised pH and lowered extractable Al in forest floor, and after 4 yr those in 0-50 cm mineral soil. These effects, except for that on forest floor pH, were stronger with increasing lime dosages. Liming showed transient effects on amounts of soil inorganic N (Ni). Until 1989, Ni in forest floor was lowered and that in mineral soil was raised by liming. This could be attributed to the formation of NO3, which is more mobile than NH4. Plots limed with 3 t lime/ha appeared to have higher Ni concentrations in the whole sampled profile than those limed with >3 t/ha or unlimed plots, the reason for which is unclear. Liming removed extractable K and Mg from forest floor probably by exchange against Ca. Residence time of added P and possibly Mg in forest floor was increased by liming, probably by solubility of added fertilizers. Added K was poorly retained in forest floor and probably quickly leached to soil layers deeper than 50 cm.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131033890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Herbage and animal production responses to fertilizer nitrogen in perennial ryegrass swards. II. rotational grazing and cutting","authors":"E. Lantinga, P. Deenen, H. Keulen","doi":"10.18174/njas.v47i3.464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v47i3.464","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of fertilizer N application on herbage intake and animal performance under continuous grazing management with dairy cows, and on herbage accumulation under a weekly and an approximately 4-weekly cutting regime were studied in 1986-1988 in resown Lolium perenne cv. Wendy grassland on a silty loam soil in Oostelijk Flevoland, Netherlands. 250-700 kg N/ha was applied annually under grazing and from 0 to 700 kg N/ha was applied under cutting. At an assumed marginal profitability of 7.5 kVEM per kg N applied the optimum N application rate was on average 511 and 308 kg/ha per year for 4-weekly cutting and continuous grazing, respectively (1 kVEM = 6.9 MJ Net Energy for lactation). However, especially under grazing, there was a great variation in response to N between years which could be related to soil N availability, length of the growing season and sward quality. Throughout the experimental period the mean tiller density in the grazed swards was hardly affected by the level of N application. However, there were temporary differences in openness of the sward which increased with the level of N application, leading to a loss of productivity as a result of impeded N uptake. Herbage N was poorly converted into animal products. The average efficiency of use of ingested N at 250 kg N was 23%. Higher rates of fertilizer N decreased N use efficiency (19% at 700 kg N/ha per year) but markedly increased N excreted per ha.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121186053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of pattern of water supply on Vicia faba L. 4. Simulation studies on yield variability.","authors":"C. Grashoff, R. Stokkers","doi":"10.18174/njas.v40i4.16504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v40i4.16504","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of water supply patterns on yield variability of Vicia faba L. were studied by means of a crop growth model. The model simulates crop dry matter production and soil water availability in dependence on plant characteristics and weather and soil data. Conse­ quences of various weather conditions on growth were evaluated, using 4 data sets from various soils and sites in Western Europe. In set 1 (14 years; heavy clay soil; Netherlands) and set 3 (2 years; 9 locations in Western Europe), linear regressions of measured versus simulat­ ed seed yields, fitted through the origin, had slopes of almost 1 and accounted for 68 % (set 1) and 12 % (set 3) of the yield variation. In both sets, these regressions accounted for about 80 % of the variation, if deviations, due to damage effects of hail, lodging, and diseases were excluded (these damage effects are not calculated in the model). In set 1, the average seed yield was 5.3 t ha\"1 (measured and simulated) and the standard deviation (s.d.) was 1.3 (measured) and 1.5 t ha ' (simulated). Simulated irrigation after the end of flowering (i.e. from grain filling onwards) stabilized yield (s.d. = 0.4 t ha\"1) on a high level (6.2 t ha\"1). Simulated irrigation during the whole season had almost no additional effect. The results for set 3 were similar to set 1. Simulations for set 1 showed that the 'target' soil water contents during flowering for optimum final seed yields varied from 0.27-0.32 cm3 cm\"3 for this soil type (pF-values of respectively 3 and 2.3), depending on temperature and air humidity. After flowering a water content higher than 0.32 cm3 cm\"3 was required. Two strategies for breeding ideotypes were evaluated; doubling the rooted depth and root growth rate stabilized seed yields (the s.d. was reduced by 30 % in set 1), but doubling the water extraction capacity of the crop had almost no effect. The model accounted for less than 1 % of the variation in set 2 (14 years; light silty loam; Netherlands) and 4 (3 years; 5 regional experimental farms; Netherlands). This was different from set 1 and 3 and probably due to effects of capillary rise (in set 2) and diseases (in set 4), which are not included in the model. In set 4, the yield gap between simulated and measured yields increased with observed disease attack in the field, from less than 1 t ha\"' with 'absent or low' attack to more than 3.5 with 'severe' attack. The simulation studies show how control of water availability stabilizes faba bean yields in many environments. They also indicate the importance of disease control and of breeding ideotypes with deeper rooting capacity.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126494072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of cattle dung and urine on nitrogen uptake and yield of perennial ryegrass.","authors":"P. Deenen, N. Middelkoop","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V40I4.16505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V40I4.16505","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of artificially placed patches of cattle dung and artificial urine on nitrogen (N) uptake and herbage dry matter (DM) accumulation were studied in perennial ryegrass swards on a sandy soil at fertilizer inputs of 250 and 400 kg N ha 'yr\"1 over a period of ten months after application in mid-summer. Positive effects were only observed in the 250 N sward and were confined to 15 cm from the edge of the dung and urine patches. Apparent N recovery (ANR) of dung was 8.3 % in the 250 N sward and nil in the 400 N sward. The N effect of dung was 3 g DM per g dung N applied in the 250 N sward and nil in the 400 N sward. The effects lasted until the end of the experiment (i.e. 10 months after application). ANR of urine was about 16 % in the 250 N sward and insignificant in the 400 N sward. In the 250 N sward the N effect of urine was low and lasted two months (on average 1.7 g DM per g urine N applied). In the 400 N sward the N effect was even negative due to scorching (on average -2.5 g DM per g urine N applied). The scorching effects were still evident at the end of the experiment.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131399512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of animal husbandry and nature conservation on grassland farms","authors":"C. Hermans, P. Vereijken","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V40I3.16515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V40I3.16515","url":null,"abstract":"A farming model for peat grassland has been designed as an instrument in physical planning, integrating equally nature conservation and animal husbandry by combining the conditions for existence of both. It includes a subdivision of the farm in production grassland and nature grassland, such as marsh marigold Caltha palustris hayfield and blue grassland. Each type of grassland ha a suitable combination of groundwater level, P- and N-controlled animal and plant production, and a regime of mowing and grazing depending on its function for flora, (avi)fauna and animal husbandry.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131235386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated production systems for glasshouse horticulture.","authors":"G. Welles","doi":"10.18174/njas.v40i3.16513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v40i3.16513","url":null,"abstract":"Current glasshouse horticulture in the Netherlands is based on high inputs of energy, fertiliz­ ers and pesticides, with serious environmental effects. Consequently, it has to face a re­ strictive governmental policy and changing consumer attitudes towards the quality of products in relation to the production process. Integrated production systems with minimum inputs are described, e.g. efficient use of energy, nutrient and pesticides, with as a consequence, mini­ mum emissions. These systems will be introduced after tests with prototype systems for pilot crops of major crop groups.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114850527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}