Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science最新文献_第4页

Modelling the residual N effect of slurry applied to maize land on dairy farms in the Netherlands 模拟荷兰奶牛场玉米地施用浆液的残氮效应

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.18174/NJAS.V45I4.507

J. Schröder, H. Keulen

{"title":"Modelling the residual N effect of slurry applied to maize land on dairy farms in the Netherlands","authors":"J. Schröder, H. Keulen","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V45I4.507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V45I4.507","url":null,"abstract":"The decomposition rate of soil organic N was estimated from data of a long-term field experiment and used in a simulation model. Subsequently, the model was used to estimate the effects of Dutch manuring practice on maize land. The time course of the N mineralization rate was estimated for three scenarios: (i) following actual manure applications which have declined with time (scenario A); (ii) assuming continuous applications in accordance with the present and anticipated legislation (scenario P); (iii) assuming annual applications of 200 kg mineral fertilizer N/ha only (scenario M). The actual mineralization rate (following scenario A) in 1995 was estimated at 23-31 kg N/ha higher than when manure had been applied at moderate rates (following scenario P). Corresponding estimates for the year 2005 were 18-19 kg N/ha per year. The calculations suggest that it may be difficult to maintain soil organic N pools with mineral fertilizer only. Consequently, the mineralization rate following scenario M decreased with time as did the yields of silage maize. The magnitude of the residual effect indicates that there is need and scope for fine tuning of N fertilizer recommendations. The simple model used seems suitable for exploring the magnitude of the residual effect of manures.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133898324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 18

From natural forest to tree crops, co-domestication of forests and tree species, an overview 从天然林到林木作物，森林与树种的共驯化，综述

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1997-12-01 DOI: 10.18174/NJAS.V45I4.503

K. Wiersum

{"title":"From natural forest to tree crops, co-domestication of forests and tree species, an overview","authors":"K. Wiersum","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V45I4.503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V45I4.503","url":null,"abstract":"The process of domestication of tree crops has only been given limited attention. This process starts with the protection of natural forests and ends with the cultivation of domesticated tree crops. In this evolutionary process three types of human-influenced forest environments may be distinguished: (1) conserved forests, (2) modified forests, and (3) transformed forests. During the process of domestication an increasing input of human energy per unit of exploited forest takes place. Accordingly three phases in the domestication of forests may be distinguished: (1) an acculturalization phase in which social measures aimed at controlling the utilization of valuable tree species or patches of forests are implemented, (2) a phase of manipulation of wild tree species in which the socially-oriented management practices are enhanced with measures aimed at enhancing the (re)productive potential of valued species, and (3) a phase of cultivation of genetically modified tree crops. As a result of the co-domestication of forests and trees various types of forests and/or tree cultivation systems can be distinguished. So far more attention has been given to understanding the characteristics of the early and end phases than to the various intermediate phases represented by indigenous forest management and agroforestry systems. These are characterized by a modification of the highly diverse natural forest ecosystems to a state in which the biodiversity has been somewhat reduced, but in which a larger proportion of useful resources are present. Such systems provide interesting examples of the wide range of options for managing forest resources with varying degrees of biodiversity and productive values.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115614431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 94

Yield losses of white cabbage caused by competition with clovers grown as cover crop 作为覆盖作物的三叶草与白卷心菜竞争造成的产量损失

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1997-10-01 DOI: 10.18174/njas.v45i3.513

L. Lotz, R. Groeneveld, J. Theunissen, R. V. D. Broek

引用次数: 31

Non-overwintering cover crops: a significant source of nitrogen 非越冬覆盖作物:氮的重要来源

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1997-07-01 DOI: 10.18174/NJAS.V45I2.515

J. Schroder, L. T. Holte, B. Janssen

{"title":"Non-overwintering cover crops: a significant source of nitrogen","authors":"J. Schroder, L. T. Holte, B. Janssen","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V45I2.515","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V45I2.515","url":null,"abstract":"In field experiments in 1982-89 at 2 sites in the Netherlands, potatoes cv. Bintje and sugarbeet cv. Monohil or Ovatio in a wheat/potatoes/wheat/sugarbeet rotation were preceded during winter by fallow or a green manure crop of Lolium multiflorum cv. Tetila with 0 (G0), 100 (G100) or 200 kg N/ha (G200) or Trifolium pratense cv. Rotra with no N (RC). Green manure crops were undersown to winter wheat cv. Durin and ploughed in in the first half of November. On average, G0, G100, G200 and RC had then accumulated 22, 93, 125 and 57 kg N/ha, respectively, in the above-ground plant parts. G0 crops tended to immobilize soil mineral N in spring and generally had non-significant effects on the yields of potatoes and sugarbeet, whereas G100, G200 and RC increased the N yields and marketable yields significantly. Effects were mainly attributable to the release of N by the green manures. The fertilizer value of the green manures was evaluated by their effect on economic optimum N rates, the marketable yield and the N yield when no mineral fertilizer N was supplied. The last two methods appeared to be most appropriate for the present experiments. Fertilizer values ranged from -21 to 108 kg N/ha, depending on the type of green manure crop and the calculation method. About half of the N accumulated in above-ground parts of the green manure crop was available to potatoes and sugarbeet from G100 when evaluated by its effect on N yields. From G200 this was even greater, although this may partly have resulted from the transfer of fertilizer N that had not been taken up by the green manure crop. Due to a high content of N in roots and stubble, RC provided, on average, almost double the amount of N accumulated in the above-ground plant parts. Green manure crops also had a minor positive effect on grain yields of winter wheat following potatoes and sugarbeet. At least 35% of the above-ground N in L. multiflorum green manure crops was not utilized within the first 18 months after their incorporation.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124136797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 38

Simulation and optimization of the logistics of biomass fuel collection 生物质燃料收集物流的模拟与优化

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1997-07-01 DOI: 10.18174/njas.v45i1.535

R. Mol, M.A.H. Jogems, P. van Beek, J. Gigler

引用次数: 99

Effect of straight and spiral sugar beet extraction paths and lift acceleration on soil tare and relative soil adherence 直、螺旋甜菜提取路径及抬升加速度对土壤剥落和相对土壤粘附性的影响

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1997-07-01 DOI: 10.18174/njas.v45i1.532

G. D. Vermeulen, J. Klooster, M. C. Sprong, B. Verwijs

{"title":"Effect of straight and spiral sugar beet extraction paths and lift acceleration on soil tare and relative soil adherence","authors":"G. D. Vermeulen, J. Klooster, M. C. Sprong, B. Verwijs","doi":"10.18174/njas.v45i1.532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v45i1.532","url":null,"abstract":"The soil tare, i.e. the relative amount of soil adhering to sugarbeet after harvest, should be reduced to lower the increasing costs of soil disposal and to prevent negative effects on the environment. The soil loosening effects of nine methods of lifting by extraction and one reference treatment were studied by evaluating the net soil tare (on a clean beet basis) and the relative soil adherence at the stage between lifting and cleaning of beets produced on marine clay loam soils in the Netherlands in 1994 and 1995. In the reference treatment, the beets were dug out carefully. The extraction treatments used were vertical (no spiral), large pitch spiral and small pitch spiral lifting paths at slow, moderate and quick accelerations. The net soil tare was lowest for the quick, small pitch spiral motion: respectively 14% in 1994 and 6% in 1995 for comparable beet properties and normal soil moisture conditions. The relative soil adherence increased significantly with decreasing soil tare. This phenomenon was attributed to the original in situ soil adherence: some soil close to the surface of the beet is reinforced by rootlets or is located in surface niches and adheres strongly to the beet. As soil loading during extraction was non-compressive for all extraction treatments, it is unlikely that the extraction treatments induced the strong soil adherence at low soil tare.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"75 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1997-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115145413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

Differences in rainfall and temperature define the use of different types of nitrogen fertilizer on managed grassland in UK, NL [Netherlands] and Eire 降雨和温度的差异决定了在英国、荷兰和爱尔兰管理的草地上使用不同类型的氮肥

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.18174/NJAS.V44I4.540

D. W. Bussink, O. Oenema

{"title":"Differences in rainfall and temperature define the use of different types of nitrogen fertilizer on managed grassland in UK, NL [Netherlands] and Eire","authors":"D. W. Bussink, O. Oenema","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V44I4.540","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V44I4.540","url":null,"abstract":"There are distinct differences between the Netherlands (NL) and the United Kingdom (UK) in the use of urea and calcium ammonium nitrate (Ca-AmmN) fertilizers on grassland. It has been known for some time that rainfall and temperature affect NH3 volatilization from urea and its agronomic efficiency. This study aimed (i) to examine rainfall and temperature pattern in NL and UK in relation to the observed urea efficiency, and (ii) to provide a simple decision support model for farmers to enable them to choose the most appropriate N fertilizer. A statistical analysis (residual maximum likelihood) of existing data from numerous field trials was undertaken. The agronomic efficiency of urea compared to Ca-AmmN in field trials was expressed as (i) urea relative N yield (Urel-N-y), and (ii) apparent-urea relative (N) yield (Uarel-(N)-y). In NL, (Urel-N-y) did not significantly differ from 100% on peat grassland. Mean (Urel-N-y) on sand and clay was 95%, in both cases. Mean seasonal Uarel-y and Uarel-N-y for the summed data of sand and clay soils was 92.3 and 86.4%, respectively, without significant differences between first and later cuts. There was no significant improvement of UNapp-relY in the last decades. In the first cut, mean Uarel-y was lower than in UK (100.9%) and Eire (100.2%). Differences in efficiency between countries could be described by short-term rainfall and temperature. By aggregating NL, UK and Eire data a simple regression equation was derived: Uarel-y= 89.48(+or-0.78) +[2.188(+or-0.15)xR3] -[1.091(+or-0.07)xT3], where R3 and T3 are rainfall amount and average temperature within three days after fertilizer application, respectively. The decision support model based on this equation showed that under prevailing NL weather conditions it will be profitable for the farmer to apply urea instead of calcium ammonium nitrate, for the first and second cut, only once every 5 and 7 years, respectively, because R3's exceeding 6 and 9.5 mm are required.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121619234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5

Developments in application of light and scanning electron microscopy techniques for cell wall degradation studies. 光镜和扫描电镜技术在细胞壁降解研究中的应用进展。

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.18174/NJAS.V44I4.542

F. M. Engels

{"title":"Developments in application of light and scanning electron microscopy techniques for cell wall degradation studies.","authors":"F. M. Engels","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V44I4.542","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V44I4.542","url":null,"abstract":"The results of recent technological developments in light and scanning electron microscopy closely used for research on forage cell wall degradation in ruminants, are reviewed. The indigestibility of forages by rumen microorganisms used to be ascribed mainly to an overall presence of lignin in the plant material. However, early light microscopic observations without application of histochemical staining revealed that some leaf and stem tissues were degraded completely. The early use of lignin detecting dyes, such as acid phloroglucinol or safranin, in light microscopy made it possible to discriminate between lignified undegradable and unlignified degradable plant tissues. The introduction of the scanning electron microscope enabled a further discrimination between degradable and undegradable cell wall and cell wall layers in plant tissues. As a result of continuous improvement of the techniques used in microscopy, e.g. section to slide, mirror sectioning, microspectrophotometry and cryo-ultramilling, forage indigestibility can now be attributed to the specific deposition and location of cutin/suberin or lignin layers inside the plant cell wall. These structural layers form barriers hindering access of rumen microorganisms to degradable parts of the cell wall.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133525482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 9

Prediction of nitrous oxide fluxes from managed grassland on peat soil using a simple empirical model. 基于简单经验模型的管理草地对泥炭土氧化亚氮通量预测

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1996-12-01 DOI: 10.18174/NJAS.V44I4.541

G. Velthof, J. Koops, J. Duyzer, O. Oenema

{"title":"Prediction of nitrous oxide fluxes from managed grassland on peat soil using a simple empirical model.","authors":"G. Velthof, J. Koops, J. Duyzer, O. Oenema","doi":"10.18174/NJAS.V44I4.541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18174/NJAS.V44I4.541","url":null,"abstract":"Three measurement campaigns were carried out to answer questions related to the factors controlling variations in nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes from intensively managed grassland on peat soil, comparison of flux measurements with a closed flux chamber method and a flux gradient technique and the development and testing of a simple empirical model for the estimation of N2O fluxes from intensively managed grassland on peat soils. Fluxes of N2O were measured with 42-48 flux chambers and ranged from less than 0.01 to 6.66 mg N/msuperscript 2 per hr. Fluxes were significantly correlated with denitrification activity (Rsuperscript 2=0.34-0.56). Contents of nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) in the top soil and the water-filled pore space (WFPS) explained 37-77% of the variance in N2O flux. Spatial variability of N2O fluxes was large with coefficients of variation ranging from 101 to 320%. Spatial variability was suggested to be related to distribution of mineral N fertilizer and cattle slurry, urine and dung patches and variations in groundwater level within the field. Average field fluxes obtained with the closed flux chamber method were about a factor 10 larger than those with the flux gradient technique on one measurement day but were similar on two other measurement days. The results of the measurement campaigns were used to derive a simple empirical model including total mineral N content and WFPS. This model was tested using an independent data set, i.e. the results of a monitoring study of two years carried out on two other grassland sites on peat soil. The model reasonably predicted magnitude of and temporal variations in N2O fluxes. It is suggested that a simple empirical model which requires only easily obtainable data such as mineral N content and moisture content, in combination with a few days lasting measurement campaigns, may be a valuable tool to predict N2O fluxes from similar sites.","PeriodicalId":324908,"journal":{"name":"Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1996-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128882095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 32

Effects of nutrient (NPK) supply on sugar beet response to elevated atmospheric CO2 氮磷钾供应对甜菜对大气CO2升高响应的影响

Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science Pub Date : 1996-09-01 DOI: 10.18174/NJAS.V46I2.488

J. Wolf

引用次数: 7