ARC Journal of Cancer Science最新文献

{"title":"Prostate Cancer and Immune Evasion Mechanisms","authors":"Joseph Alape Ariza, Andrea Pinzon Reyes, Arbey Hernan Medina Rocha, Rodrigo Cabrera Perez, Clara Isabel Bermudez Santana","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0801001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0801001","url":null,"abstract":": Prosteroid cancer is a global health issue, with 1,414,259 new instances diagnosed annually and 375,304 deaths attributed to PCa globally in 2020. It is caused by genetic predisposition, inflammation, and enhanced cell proliferation. The human prostate is composed of two basic cell types: secretory luminal cells and basal epithelial cells. Lesions arise when these processes emerge in the normally functioning prostate epithelium, setting off a chain reaction that may either lead to primary PCa or proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) or create an intermediate stage known as prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Hormonal replacement helps the gland bounce back just as rapidly, while estrogenic hormones in dietary carcinogens have been linked to prostate cancer recurrence. As basal cells are not postmitotic, glandular renewal must be caused by the proliferation of surviving basal cells. Prostate adenocarcinoma is a significant clinical challenge, with 2.5 million patients worldwide surviving after being diagnosed with this type of cancer. It is based on the finding that the cytokeratin subtype composition of tumor cells always matches that of luminal cells and never that of basal cells. Cancer cells produce PSA and PAP, and have a unique phenotype known as epithelial transition in immune-like cells. The British National Cancer Institute (NHI) defines cancer survival as \"the physical, psychosocial, and economic problems of cancer from diagnosis to death.\" After treatment for prostate cancer, most men report psychosexual difficulties. This is especially true for men over the age of 50. Prostate cancer is able to actively suppress anti-tumor immune responses due to the expression of immune cell molecules (such as heterogeneous cytokines and their receptors, transcription factors regulating immune cells signaling, Ig motifs, and immune checkpoint molecules).","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117304513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimodality Imaging Based Target Definition of Cervical Lymph Nodes in Precise Limited Field Radiation Therapy (Lfrt) for Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (Nlphl)","authors":"S. Demiral, F. Dinçoğlan, O. Sager, M. Beyzadeoğlu","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0602002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0602002","url":null,"abstract":"Hodgkin lymphoma is a rare subtype of B cell lymphoma [1]. Nodular lymphocyte predominant hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) constitutes a distinct and typically indolent subtype of hodgkin lymphoma with favorable therapeutic outcomes [2-5]. Radiation therapy (RT) plays a major role in management of NLPHL. However, active surveillance has even been considered as an initial management strategy for selected patients given the typically indolent disease course and concerns regarding treatment induced toxicities [6]. In the context of RT, several studies have addressed use of different approaches for improving the toxicity profile of irradiation such as dose deescalation and limited field RT (LFRT) [7-12]. Irradiation of limited treatment volumes may serve as a viable method in the context of reduced adverse effects, however, this strategy should be utilized carefully with accurate and precise target definition to avoid any geographical misses which may lead to treatment failure. RT planning for NLPHL is typically based on computed tomography (CT) simulation at treatment position. Incorporation of additional imaging modalities offer great potential for improved target definition. Herein, we assess multimodality imaging based target definition of cervical lymph nodes in precise LFRT for NLPHL.","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117201941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Safety Issues of Biosimilar Products: Letter to the Editor","authors":"Abdul Kader Mohiuddin","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0501003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0501003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129101558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment Volume Determination for Irradiation Ofrecurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with Multimodality Imaging: An Original Article","authors":"O. Sager, F. Dinçoğlan, S. Demiral, M. Beyzadeoğlu","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0602004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0602004","url":null,"abstract":"Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a frequent head and neck neoplasm which is endemic in Southern China [1-3]. Patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma may benefit from multidisciplinary management including systemic agents and radiation therapy (RT). Since the role of surgery is typically limited for nasopharyngeal carcinoma treatment, RT constitutes an integral part of multimodality management. In the context of RT, there has been substantial progress in cancer management over the years with introduction of contemporary irradiation strategies, adaptive RT approaches, automatic segmentation techniques, molecular imaging methods, stereotactic irradiation, along with modernized treatment delivery techniques such as Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT), Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT), Adaptive Radiation Therapy (ART), Breathing Adapted Radiation Therapy (BART) [4-41].While the improvements in radiation oncology are encouraging, the toxicity profile of radiation delivery remains to be a concern for patients receiving RT for nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the setting of locally recurrent disease, it is more critical to consider adverse effects of reirradiation to avoid severe complications which may deteriorate quality of life and functionality.","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122562307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comparative Evaluation of Mycobacterium w Vaccine Based Immunotherapy plus Concomitant Chemoradiation versus Concomitant Chemoradiation alone in Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer","authors":"O. Parkash, R. Dhankhar, K. Dahiya, Manas Dubey, R. Atri, V. Kaushal","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0402005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0402005","url":null,"abstract":"Head and neck cancer (HNC) including lip, oral cavity, nasopharynx, other pharynx and larynx is the 7 th most common cancer globally. The incidence wise male-female ratio for HNC is nearly 3.7: 1 in India and nearly 2.7:1 globally [1].An increase in incidence of HNC (squamous cell carcinoma) is observed with increase in age and usually presents after 40 years of age [2]. Most of the head and neck cancers are triggered by alcohol and tobacco, which together probably account for three-quarters of cases [3].Tobacco smoking is associated with increased risk for all of the more common forms of HNC, the risk among cigarette smokers may be ten or more times than that for non-smokers [4,5].","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122439175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Target Definitionoforbital Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma (Rms) by Multimodality Imaging: An Original Article","authors":"Article, FerratDincoglan, O. Sager, S. Demiral, M. Beyzadeoğlu","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0602003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0602003","url":null,"abstract":"Although rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare tumor among group of mesenchymal malignancies as a whole, orbital RMS constitutes the most frequent soft tissue sarcoma in the head and neck region in children [1-3]. Tissue of origin is the pluripotent mesenchyme, and the prognosis may be rather favorable, however, orbital embryonal RMS may pose a formidable challenge to the ocular oncologist in terms of diagnosis and management [1-3]. Affected patients may typically present with a rapidly enlarging mass frequuently localized in the upper inner quadrant. While pain is not a typical symptom, proptosis and diplopia may occur. Also, edema may result from invasion of the eyelid. Majority of orbital RMS are of the embryonal subtype occuring in the first decade of life. Treatments strategies for orbital embryonal RMS may include surgery, radiation therapy (RT), and chemotherapy. Satisfactory survival outcomes may be achieved for orbital embryonal RMS by use of these therapies, however, adverse effects of administered treatments are major concerns regarding management given the long life expectancy of affected patients. Within this context, improving the toxicity profile of treatment has been a critical aspect of management. In terms of RT, contemporary techniques and proton therapy have been utilized for improving the therapeutic ratio [4-7]. In this original article, we evaluated target definition for orbital embryonal RMS with multimodality imaging.","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"118 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134066566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Disseminated Low Grade Glioma in Children and Young Adults","authors":"R. Bell, A. Kirkwood, D. Hargrave, A. Michalski, H. Hyare, T. Jacques, S. Stoneham, Y., Chang, N. Fersht, M. Gaze, K. Phipps, A. Shankar","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0601002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0601002","url":null,"abstract":"Low-grade gliomas [LGG] and in particular, pilocytic astrocytomas, are the most common of childhood tumours of the central nervous system [Bergthold et al 2014 [1], Gupta et al 2017 [2], Ryall et al 2017 [3]]. These are a mixed group of tumours with a World Heath Organization grading of I or II with a generally good outcome [Ryall, et.al, 2017 [3]. Leptomeningeal dissemination [spread via the cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] pathways] is rare with reported incidence of around 5% at diagnosis to 10% at progression [Chamidine et al 2016 [4], Dodgshun et al, 2016 [5], Yecies et al 2018 [6]] Hence, published data is limited on the incidence, natural history, patterns of dissemination or clinical outcome in both children and TYA with disseminated LGG [d-LGG]. While some reports suggest that children with d-LGG have an acceptable treatment outcome [Tsang et al 2017 [7], Chamidine et al 2016 [4], Bian et al 2013 [8], Perilongo et al 2003 [9], Hukin et al 2002], a few other published series depict a more dismal outlook [Von Hornstein et al 2011 [11], Rodriguez et al 2012 [12]]. As the natural history of the disease remains uncertain, it is unsurprising that there is also ambiguity with regard to the most effective treatment for children with d-LGG [Chamidine et al 2016 [4], Gnekov et al 2004 [13], Akar et al 2000 [14]]. In this report, we seek to initiate a dialogue on how this group of patients can best be managed using retrospectively gathered information on treatment outcomes in thirty-six children and adolescents with disseminated disease treated at the London Cancer Paediatric and Adolescent Neuro-Oncology Service [University College and Great Ormond street Hospitals, North London Cancer Network] UK.","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114089888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Tumor Markers for Evaluation the Course of Chemotherapy","authors":"S. Bushi, Artan Trebicka","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0701001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0701001","url":null,"abstract":"Of the millions of new cases of cancer worldwide and deaths associated with cancer, a large number of them were breast and gynecological tumors (Molina R et al., 2005). Some tumor markers are fundamental to the workflow in diagnosis, control of therapy and the monitoring of advanced gynecological diseases (Sturgeon CM et al 2010). The biomarker should be absent in healthy people as well as in good conditions and it is released exclusively from specific tumor cells (Duffy MJ et al 2013). Tumor markers are soluble glycoproteins that are found in the blood, urine, or tissues of patients with certain types of cancer. They are typically produced by tumor cells, but in some cases they may be produced by the body in response to malignancy or to certain benign conditions. Tumor markers are not elevated in all cancer patients, particularly patients with early-stage cancer. The various tumor markers differ in their usefulness for screening, diagnosis, prognosis, assessing therapeutic response, and detecting recurrence. Normalization of tumor marker values may indicate cure despite radiographic evidence of persistent disease. In this situation, residual tumor is frequently nonviable. Sometimes, tumor marker values may rise after effective treatment (due to cell lysis), but the increase may not portend treatment failure. A consistent increase in a tumor marker value, combined with lack of clinical improvement, may indicate treatment failure. Residual elevation after definitive treatment usually indicates persistent disease. Many new tumor markers have been discovered since the development of monoclonal antibodies, and most tumor markers are now detected with them. No marker is completely specific. Therefore, diagnostic immunohistochemistry must be used in conjunction with morphologic and clinical findings. [2]Among asymptomatic persons, the biomarker should allow for the examination of early cancer or premalignant disease and in symptomatic patients the biomarker should help in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant disease. After diagnosis, an ideal biomarker should also be used to estimate the prognosis and predict the most appropriate treatment. For patients receiving systemic therapy, the level of expression should correlate with therapeutic response and tumor burden (Duffy MJ et al 2015). A biomarker should contribute to improving beneficial clinical outcomes such as increased overall survival (OS), progression-free disease survival (PFS) or Abstract: Gynecological tumors, including endometrial, cervical and ovarian cancer, have increased in incidence over time. The widespread introduction of screening programs and advances in diagnostic imaging methods has lead to a progressive increase in gynecological cancer detection. Accurate diagnosis and proper monitoring of disease remain the primary target for a successful treatment. In the last years, knowledge about cancer biomarkers has considerably increased providing great opportunities for imp","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127610555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Target Volume Determination for Irradiation of Pilocytic Astrocytomas: An Original Article","authors":"","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0601003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0601003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115330414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Sensitivity and Specificity of Saliva Biomarker MMP-9 for Detection Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC)","authors":"Gholamreza Jahanshahi, A. Talebi, Soheila Derisavy","doi":"10.20431/2455-6009.0402006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20431/2455-6009.0402006","url":null,"abstract":"Within the past 10 years, the application of saliva as a diagnostic tool has gained considerable attention and well-accepted method. As a diagnostic fluid, saliva offers superiority over serum due to both noninvasive collection methods and a cost-effective approach for screening of large populations. In addition, collection of saliva offers a reduced risk of infection compared to the serum sampling (1). Early detection of disease plays a significant role in successful treatment. In most cases of various diseases, early diagnosis leads to a greater survival rate with a reduced chance of the disease recurrence. Successful monitoring of a disease, especially in its early stage, may also reduce any severe impacts on a patient’s health or help to prevent and/or delay succeeding complications. Following disease progression, and monitor post-treatment therapeutic effect through a noninvasive method is one of the primary objectives in the field of healthcare research. Saliva, a multi-constituent oral fluid that can be collected through noninvasive methods, has considerable potential Abstract","PeriodicalId":322132,"journal":{"name":"ARC Journal of Cancer Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125890877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}