{"title":"The failure of a small satellite and the loss of a space science mission","authors":"R. Katz","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029856","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. On March 4, 1999, the Wide-Field Infrared Explorer (WIRE) was launched from Vandenberg Air Force Base on a Pegasus XL launch vehicle into a 540 km orbit with a planned mission duration of four months. WIRE was designed to conduct a deep infrared, extra galactic science survey 500 times more sensitive than the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) Faint Source Catalog. The instrument consists of, a cryogenically cooled, 30-centimeter telescope and all associated electronics designed to detect faint astronomical sources in two infrared wavelength bands. The WIRE launch was nominal. Shortly after launch, ground commands were transmitted to perform a planned secondary venting of the secondary hydrogen tank. The next pass showed that the spacecraft was tumbling at increasing rate, ultimately spinning up to 60 rpm. Within 36 hours of launch, the instrument's 4-month supply of cryogen was completely exhausted. The WIRE>scientific mission was declared lost on March 8,1999. The root cause of the WIRE mission loss is a digital logic design error in the instrument pyro electronics box, which inadvertently caused the cover to be ejected. The transient performance of components was not adequately considered in the box design resulting in the inadvertent pyrotechnic device firing during the initial pyro electronics box power-up. The results from the investigation into the failure mechanism will be discussed; that is, how did the mission fail. An equally important question is why did the mission fail. Spacecraft systems go through a variety of analyses, simulations, tests, and reviews. These will be discussed showing why the error resulted in a mishap on-orbit. A review of launcher and spacecraft performance and failures in the Industry over the last decade will be reviewed. Trends will be presented and discussed.","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114988624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An EHW architecture for real-time GPS attitude determination based on parallel genetic algorithm","authors":"Jiangning Xu, T. Arslan","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029877","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029877","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes a parallel genetic algorithm for the VLSI implementation of real-time GPS attitude determination systems. The genetic algorithm is based on a fine-grained model and utilises AFM (Ambiguity Function Method) for GPS attitude determination. The paper describes various implementation choices for the genetic algorithm in order to achieve both functionality and practical performance constraints such as speed, compactness and scalability. Simulation results using GPS carrier phase experimental data show that, in addition to low hardware complexity, our final genetic algorithm architecture achieves a linear speed-up with the number of processors utilised in the target VLSI chip.","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125303553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evolution of quantum computer algorithms from reversible operators","authors":"A. Surkan, A. Khuskivadze","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029884","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029884","url":null,"abstract":"An application of an evolutionary approach to hardware design is presented. A genetic algorithm was developed to discover good designs for quantum computer algorithms. The algorithms are expressed as quantum operator sequences applied in a circuit model. The circuits discovered are configurations of special purpose quantum computers. We have been exploring the evolution of algorithms as alternative configurations of hardware. By simulation it is established that the circuits will correctly compute a small collection of basic, low-level functions. Experiments produced designs for primitive quantum computers that evaluate logical or arithmetic functions with a total of twelve or fewer inputs and outputs.","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116758194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The robustness of small developed SBlock circuits using different clocking schemes","authors":"P. V. Remortel, T. Lenaerts, B. Manderick","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029862","url":null,"abstract":"Biological development is a stunning mechanism that allows robust generation of complex structures from a linear building plan. This makes it an interesting source of inspiration for solving problems where direct manipulation of a higher-order structure is hard, and the generative building plan can be used as a substitute for indirect manipulation of the unfolded structure. We investigate the possibility of adopting a nondeterministic developmental mapping in the evolution of electronic circuits, which demands that phenotypes be functionally stable despite limited structural change. We study the functional robustness of small SBlock circuits under different amounts and types of 'developmental' noise, using different clocking schemes. We report an exponential decrease in robustness with increasing noise. We provide experimental results that show that noise injected later on the developmental timescale shows less harmful then 'early' noise. This effect becomes more significant as the total amount of noise increases. The relative ranking of the effects of different types of noise seems not affected by the clocking scheme.","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121749127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Zinchenko, H. Mühlenbein, V. Kureichik, T. Mahnig
{"title":"Application of the univariate marginal distribution algorithm to analog circuit design","authors":"L. Zinchenko, H. Mühlenbein, V. Kureichik, T. Mahnig","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029871","url":null,"abstract":"The approach to computer aided analog circuit design on the base of univariate algorithms was derived by analysing the mathematical principles behind recombination. A Bayesian prior used for the estimations of the probability distribution is equivalent to having mutation for the genetic algorithms. In this paper the relation between a success rate and a mutation one is considered for analog circuit design. Practical illustration of the use of this approach is demonstrated for filter design. Experiments indicate that mutation and elitism increase the performance of the algorithms and decrease the dependence of the correct choice of the population size.","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"63 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125723665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Optimizing signal strength in-situ using an evolvable antenna system","authors":"D. Linden","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029879","url":null,"abstract":"With the rise in wireless data communications, it is increasingly important that antennas be able to deliver the strongest and most consistent signal possible to a receiver. The evolvable antenna system in this paper shows that an evolutionary algorithm and a reconfigurable antenna can be used to optimize received signal strength in \"real\" surroundings and outperform a conventional antenna.","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115801372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"We need assurance","authors":"Brian D. Snow","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029855","url":null,"abstract":"Summary form only given. NSA is willing to rely on commercial security products and services to satisfy its customer's needs, but only if the commercial offerings have sufficient assurance of quality, reliability, safety, and appropriateness for use. These assurances are lacking in most of today's commercial security products. Paths to better assurance in Operating Systems, Applications, and Hardware through better development environments, requirements definition, systems engineering, quality certification, and legal constraints will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132869378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Self-reproduction in asynchronous cellular automata","authors":"Chrystopher L. Nehaniv","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029886","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029886","url":null,"abstract":"Building on the work of Von Neumann, Burks, Codd, and Langton, among others, we introduce the first examples of asynchronous self-reproduction in cellular automata. Reliance on a global synchronous update signal has been a limitation of all solutions since the problem of achieving self-production in cellular automata was first attacked by Von Neumann half a century ago. Our results obviate the need for this restriction. We introduce a simple constructive mechanism to transform any cellular automata network with synchronous update into one with the same behavior but whose cells may be updated randomly and asynchronously. This is achieved by introduction of a synchronization substratum which locally keeps track of the passage of time in a local neighborhood in a manner that keeps all cells locally in-step. The generality of this mechanism is guaranteed by a general mathematical theorem (due to the author) that allows any synchronous cellular automata configuration and rule to be realized asynchronously in such a way the the behavior of the original synchronous cellular automata can be recovered from that of the corresponding asynchronous cellular automaton. Thus all important results on self-reproduction, universal computation, and universal construction, and evolution in populations of self-reproducing configurations in cellular automata that have been obtained in the past carry over to the asynchronous domain.","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134479688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Coevolution of form and function in the design of micro air vehicles","authors":"M. Bugajska, A. Schultz","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029881","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses approaches to cooperative coevolution of for and function for autonomous vehicles, specifically evolving morphology and control for an autonomous micro air vehicle (MAV). The evolution of a sensor suite with minimal size, weight, and power requirements, and reactive strategies for collision-free navigation for the simulated MAV is described. Results are presented for several different coevolutionary approaches to evolution of form and junction (single- and multiple-species models) and for two different control architectures (a rulebase controller based on the SAMUEL learning system and a neural network controller implemented and evolved using ECkit).","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127449138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evolutionary technique to elementary coding of the internal states of the state machine","authors":"I. Vasiltsov","doi":"10.1109/EH.2002.1029867","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/EH.2002.1029867","url":null,"abstract":"During design of the modern complex systems today more attention is paid to the reliability aspect. The traditional approach, which is based on redundancy techniques, is not always acceptable, because as a result the complexity and total cost of the developed project will increase. Therefore the development of alternative approaches to increase the reliability of the designed systems is the actual task. One of such approaches id to increase the reliability parameter of the designed digital device (DD) during synthesis of digital automates which is elementary coding of internal states of DD. But it has the combinatorial nature of the calculations and it is hardly possible to use existing tools in the situation of big value of the operational word width. In this paper the evolutionary approach to elementary coding of internal states of the state machine, which describes the functionality of the designed DD has been considered.","PeriodicalId":322028,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings 2002 NASA/DoD Conference on Evolvable Hardware","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126891900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}