Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues最新文献

{"title":"What is molecular anthropology? What can it be?","authors":"J. Marks","doi":"10.1002/evan.10031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.10031","url":null,"abstract":"“Molecular anthropology” was coined by a biochemist, Emile Zuckerkandl,1 at an anthropological conference in 1962 sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, called “Classification and Human Evolution.” He intended the phrase to designate the study of human evolution by recourse to the differences in the structure of biomolecules. The paradox is that although this sounds like a kind of anthropology, a molecular kind of anthropology, it really was merely the technology of biochemistry being applied to classically anthropological questions. And because it was technology that was driving this new field, anybody could do “molecular anthropology,” regardless of how much anthropology they really knew. While that may sound harmless enough, consider the opposite case. What would constitute “anthropological biochemistry” if you didn’t need to know any biochemistry to do it? In the same article, Zuckerkandl set out the reductive agenda of “molecular” anthropology in a particularly egregious form. Zuckerkandl was impressed by the fact only one of the 287 amino acids in hemoglobin could be found to differ between a human and a gorilla. He was so impressed, in fact, that he proclaimed that “from the point of view of hemoglobin structure, it appears that gorilla is just an abnormal human, or man an abnormal gorilla, and the two species form actually one continuous population.” This assertion sufficiently inflamed another symposium participant, paleomammalogist George Gaylord Simpson,2 that he rose to defend what we might now call the integrative or organismal perspective in the pages of Science. “From any point of view other than that properly specified,” he wrote, “that is of course nonsense. What the comparison really seems to indicate is that . . . hemoglobin is a bad choice and has nothing to tell us about affinities, or indeed tells us a lie.” In other words, humans and gorillas can be distinguished readily by virtually any form of competent biological comparison. If you can’t tell them apart by hemoglobin or more generally by their genes, just look at something else! The idea of encapsulating the relationships of human and gorilla in the relationships of human and gorilla hemoglobin was as ridiculous as encapsulating those relationships in human and gorilla phlegm or eyelashes. There was considerably more here at stake, however, than just the gorilla and the human. Molecular evolution was a young field, and its practitioners were perceived as technologists, not scholars. They had in their favor the short and selective memory of science and the cultural cachet of heredity. At nearly the same time, human population geneticists were studying the relationships of the human races serologically. William C. Boyd3 published a definitive genetic classification of the human races in Science in 1963, identifying thirteen of them: five in Europe; one each in Africa, Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and America; and four more in Oceania. This, of course, was a year after ","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123427970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To the Editor:","authors":"M. Wolpoff, R. Caspari","doi":"10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1999)8:1<10::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-q","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6505(1999)8:1<10::aid-evan5>3.0.co;2-q","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118700167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hunting down the hunter‐gatherers","authors":"R. Foley","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:4<115::AID-EVAN1>3.0.CO;2-S","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:4<115::AID-EVAN1>3.0.CO;2-S","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"159 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118243147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Society of Vertebrate Paleontology's fifty‐ninth annual meeting","authors":"K. Metzger","doi":"10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<149::AID-EVAN1>3.0.CO;2-J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<149::AID-EVAN1>3.0.CO;2-J","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125666309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On stony ground: Lithic technology, human evolution, and the emergence of culture","authors":"R. Foley, M. Lahr","doi":"10.1002/EVAN.10108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/EVAN.10108","url":null,"abstract":"Culture is the central concept of anthropology. Its centrality comes from the fact that all branches of the discipline use it, that it is in a way a shorthand for what makes humans unique, and therefore defines anthropology as a separate discipline. In recent years the major contributions to an evolutionary approach to culture have come either from primatologists mapping the range of behaviors, among chimpanzees in particular, that can be referred to as cultural or “proto‐cultural” 1, 2 or from evolutionary theorists who have developed models to account for the pattern and process of human cultural diversification and its impact on human adaptation. 3–5.","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"119479922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular evolution and modern human origins","authors":"J. Mountain","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1997)6:4<21::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-Z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1997)6:4<21::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-Z","url":null,"abstract":"While molecular evolutionists may be fascinated by the features and history of a particular gene or DNA segment, evolutionary anthropologists are often more interested in the activities and history of groups of people. We may want to know, for instance, when and where humans have migrated, how much exchange between groups has taken place, and how population sizes have changed. Population genetic theory provides the hope that through analyses of genetic data we will gain insight into the history of populations. Genetic data from extant human populations are now accruing at a remarkable rate. We might, therefore, expect to have answers in hand. There remains, however, a wide gap between the available theory and data; too often we fail to draw firm conclusions because our interpretation of analytic results requires that we make myriad assumptions about our data. In any one instance, these assumptions might include estimates of mutation rate, mutational mechanism, population sizes, the role that natural selection has played, and the rate of migration among groups. Often these assumptions are implicit, invisible to most. How, then, are we to make any progress? © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"194 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129198437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The fixed period","authors":"K. Weiss","doi":"10.3998/mpub.9269","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.9269","url":null,"abstract":"Tells of a moral and political dilemma on the imaginary Pacific island of Britannula. The president of the island, Mr Neverbend, is attempting to bring in legislation which will reduce the numbers of the old and sick by enforcing compulsory euthanasia on those of 67 years of age.","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121376105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geochronology on the paleoanthropological time scale","authors":"K. Ludwig, P. Renne","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(2000)9:2<101::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-W","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(2000)9:2<101::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-W","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"2007 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123804717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kulturcrisis! Cultural evolution going round in circles","authors":"K. Weiss, F. Hayashida","doi":"10.1002/EVAN.10029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/EVAN.10029","url":null,"abstract":"shortly before he is to be exe-cuted for a single crime of passion.Natural law, he says, is a construct ofthe powerful by which they justifytheir own myriad offenses against so-ciety and control the small and thepoor. Twenty-eight years later,Charles Darwin’s famous book ap-peared with the contrary message thatnot only are there natural laws,","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121882763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diet and food preparation: Rethinking early hominid behavior","authors":"Sonia Ragir","doi":"10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<153::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6505(2000)9:4<153::AID-EVAN4>3.0.CO;2-D","url":null,"abstract":"At least four innovations in nutrient sources, preparation, and distribution underlie the transformation of our evolutionary ancestors into modern humans: the digging, preparation, and consumption of tubers and rhizomes; the technological mediation of hunting and butchering of animal prey; the socially mediated redistribution of animal prey; and the control of fire for cooking. The emergence of technologies for processing hard‐to‐obtain or difficult‐to‐digest foods such as animal protein, savanna tubers, rhizomes, and perennial bulbs probably precipitated changes in energy availability and expenditure that directly affected gut proportion and indirectly affected sexual dimorphism, fetal weight, and brain size. 1 , 2 The indigestibility or toxicity of several potential food items, including rootstocks and carrion, could be extremely important for understanding hominid adaptations to the mosaic ecology of late Plio‐Pleistocene South and East Africa. 3–5 Primate consumption of rootstocks, seeds, and meat, which is often assumed to be essential for hominid adaptation to the savanna‐woodland, is constrained by digestion‐inhibiting agents in underground storage organs and by the rapid bacterial contamination of carrion. These potential restrictions on hominid food choice have led me to argue that hunting rather than scavenging, together with technologically assisted extractive foraging and food preparation, was an essential parts of the earliest hominid behavioral repertoire. 4 , 6 .","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127815066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}