Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues最新文献_第7页

What can developmental defects of enamel reveal about physiological stress in nonhuman primates? 非人灵长类动物的牙釉质发育缺陷揭示了什么生理应激?

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/evan.1027

Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg

{"title":"What can developmental defects of enamel reveal about physiological stress in nonhuman primates?","authors":"Debbie Guatelli‐Steinberg","doi":"10.1002/evan.1027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.1027","url":null,"abstract":"Several different types of developmental defects occur in enamel, 3,4 including opacities, which are changes in enamel translucency; accentuated striae of Retzius, 1 which are dark microscopic bands that can be observed in thin sections of enamel; and enamel hypoplasias, 1 or macroscopic defects appearing on the enamel surface (see Glossary). Opacities are caused by hy-pomineralization. 1,2 The latter two types of defects result from disruptions to enamel-producing cells, known as ameloblasts, as they secrete the enamel matrix (Box 1). Periods of malnutrition, 2,5,6 systemic illness, 2,7–10 and even, as new evidence suggests, psychologically stressful situations 11 can disrupt ameloblast function. Because enamel does not remodel once a tooth has formed, accentuated striae of Retzius and enamel hypoplasias provide indeli-ble markers of such disturbances. 2 Anthropological interest in accentuated striae of Retzius and enamel hypo-plasias has traditionally concentrated on humans. Because nutritional and disease stress are common causes of enamel hypoplasias, and because these defects can be easily observed on the surfaces of teeth, the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia is often used as an indicator of the health status of human populations. 2 Bioarcheological applications have involved documenting an increase","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"92 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117443220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 85

Zooarcheological evidence for the faunal exploitation behavior of Neandertals and early modern humans 尼安德特人和早期现代人动物剥削行为的动物考古学证据

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:1<22::AID-EVAN7>3.0.CO;2-F

C. Marean, Z. Assefa

引用次数: 152

Eocene primates from Myanmar: Historical perspectives on the origin of Anthropoidea 缅甸始新世灵长类动物:类人猿起源的历史观点

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/evan.10032

R. Ciochon, G. Gunnell

引用次数: 35

Digital morphology: The Smithsonian's biovisualization lab 数字形态学:史密森尼生物可视化实验室

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:3<77::AID-EVAN1>3.0.CO;2-T

A. Rosenberger, C. M. Calvo

引用次数: 1

Human Demography in the Pleistocene: Do Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes Tell the Same Story? 更新世的人口统计:线粒体和核基因是否相同?

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:3<81::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-4

E. Harris, J. Hey

{"title":"Human Demography in the Pleistocene: Do Mitochondrial and Nuclear Genes Tell the Same Story?","authors":"E. Harris, J. Hey","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:3<81::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:3<81::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-4","url":null,"abstract":"Traditionally, research on modern human origins has centered on questions of the time and geographical place of origin, with less attention given to the complex population dynamics of our evolutionary history. Recently, however, a focus has emerged within molecular anthropology that concentrates on the demographic aspects of the origin of modern humans.1-3 A popular hypothesis proposes that modern human populations passed through a bottleneck (or episodic reduction in size) in the late Middle or early Late Pleistocene, at which time there existed perhaps only several thousand breeding individuals, and that this was followed by a rapid, large expansion.1,2,4 Supporting evidence comes largely from the pattern of DNA sequence variation observed in mitochondrial genes. However, because the mitochondrial genome is only a very small fraction of the entire genome, its evolutionary history is not necessarily concordant with the history of the bulk of the genome, the nuclear genome. An important distinction can be made between evolutionary forces that affect just one locus and those forces that act on all the genes of a population. Population-level phenomena such as bottlenecks, expansions, population subdivisions, and speciation events are expected to produce similar patterns of genetic variation across many loci. In contrast, natural selection usually affects a small region of tight linkage, such as a single genetic locus. Therefore, hypotheses about population histories should be tested across many loci.5-8","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117893535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 15

Intentional deception in primates 灵长类动物的故意欺骗

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/evan.1360010306

F. D. de Waal

引用次数: 33

Variability selection in hominid evolution 古人类进化中的变异性选择

Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues Pub Date : 1900-01-01 DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)7:3<81::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-A

R. Potts

{"title":"Variability selection in hominid evolution","authors":"R. Potts","doi":"10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)7:3<81::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)7:3<81::AID-EVAN3>3.0.CO;2-A","url":null,"abstract":"Variability selection (abbreviated as VS) is a process considered to link adaptive change to large degrees of environment variability. Its application to hominid evolution is based, in part, on the pronounced rise in environmental remodeling that took place over the past several million years. The VS hypothesis differs from prior views of hominid evolution, which stress the consistent selective effects associated with specific habitats or directional trends (e.g., woodland, savanna expansion, cooling). According to the VS hypothesis, wide fluctuations over time created a growing disparity in adaptive conditions. Inconsistency in selection eventually caused habitat‐specific adaptations to be replaced by structures and behaviors responsive to complex environmental change. Key hominid adaptations, in fact, emerged during times of heightened variability. Early bipedality, encephalized brains, and complex human sociality appear to signify a sequence of VS adaptations—i.e., a ratcheting up of versatility and responsiveness to novel environments experienced over the past 6 million years. The adaptive results of VS cannot be extrapolated from selection within a single environmental shift or relatively stable habitat. If some complex traits indeed require disparities in adaptive setting (and relative fitness) in order to evolve, the VS idea counters the prevailing view that adaptive change necessitates long‐term, directional consistency in selection. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126435814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 444