{"title":"Cannibalism in prehistoric Europe","authors":"P. Villa","doi":"10.1002/evan.1360010307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360010307","url":null,"abstract":"The key argument for the identification of prehistoric cannibalism is provided by analysis of close similarities in the treatment of human and animal remains. Such analysis requires precise data on depositional context, meticulous excavation records, detailed bone modification studies, a relatively large sample of human and animal postcranial bones, and data on local mortuary practices. With the exception of Fontbrégoua Cave, these necessary conditions are lacking at all Stone Age European sites where it has been hypothesized that cannibalism occurred. The alternative hypothesis of secondary burial practices has been proposed informally for some sites and, in a more formal and detailed way, for Krapina and Fontbrégoua. However, this hypothesis does not have a higher probability, is not justified by current data, and uses ethnographic analogies to prop up interpretations of materials for which contextual data are missing or have been neglected. At Fontbrégoua, cannibalism remains the simplest and most plausible explanation of the evidence; at Krapina and other sites the available evidence is insufficient to prove either secondary burial or cannibalism.","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126410467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Human genome diversity project","authors":"K. Weiss, K. Kidd, J. Kidd","doi":"10.1002/EVAN.1360010303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/EVAN.1360010303","url":null,"abstract":"he recent appointment of a committee within the Human T Genome Project to examine the possibility of establishing a Human Genome Diversity (HGD) project promises to be of interest and value to archaeologists and all anthropologists-cultural, medical, forensic, and genetic. Before we describe this new development, some background on the Human Genome Project will be useful. The Human Genome Project is a major effort to map, clone, and, eventually, to determine the entire threebillion-nucleotide sequence of the DNA in the human genome (the entire complement of chromosomes). Even before the project is completed, the location of all functional genes and the elements that control their expression will be much better known. Advocates of this project take a strongly reductionist view of what can be learned from such but its critics state, on both biochemical and biological grounds, that vital properties of gene and protein function cannot be inferred from the DNA sequence This view is probably overly pessimistic. The accumulation","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131236324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trends in primate evolution and ecology","authors":"J. Fleagle","doi":"10.1002/evan.1360010302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360010302","url":null,"abstract":"0 ver the past 20 years, much of the philosophy and methodology of phylogenetic systematics, or cladistics, has permeated the study of evolutionary anthropology. There are few, if any, studies of primate phylogeny published today that do not include at least one cladogram and a mention of shared-derived characters. Similarly, phylogenetic approaches a re a lso increasingly common in studies of functional morphology. To be sure, anthropologists, like most evolutionary biologists, have been very eclectic in their adoption of cladistics, and there is both diversity in and debate over many philosophical and methodological issues. In addition, there have been striking changes in the way in which phylogenetic analyses have been approached over this 20-year period. Until relatively recently, much of what was published as “cladis t ic analysis” was real ly “cladistic description,” in which the authors presented a single cladogram or phylogeny with a list of the characters that defined each node. There was often very little discussion of alternative phylogenies or characters whose distribution conflicted with the cladogram being presented.’ The wide availability of computer programs for phylogenetic analysis has led to a much greatersophisticationinidentifying themostparsimonioussolutionfrom a data set, but that same availability has brought with it a whole series of newproblems-mostnotably, therealizationthatformostanalyses,there aredozensorhundredsofcladograms (or phylogenetic trees) t ha t a re equally, or nearly equally, parsimonious. How does one identify the “correct phylogeny” among these alternatives, or is there even a reasonable possibility of doing so? The future of phylogenetic analysis depends on identifying ways of extracting the most robust conclusions from this overwhelming output. One aspect of evolutionary anthro-","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132145903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"1992 conference of the society of Africanist Archaeologists","authors":"J. Bower","doi":"10.1002/EVAN.1360010304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/EVAN.1360010304","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"255 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114416087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The role of time and timing in hominid dental evolution","authors":"G. Macho, B. Wood","doi":"10.1002/evan.1360040105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.1360040105","url":null,"abstract":"Exactly when during evolution hominids acquired their extended extra‐uterine growth period is a contentious issue. In order to shed light on the tempo and mode of ontogenetic changes during hominid evolution, research has focused on the pattern and, to a lesser extent, the rate of growth observed in the developing dentition of extant and extinct hominoid taxa. From these data, the absolute timing of events has often been inferred, either implicitly or explicitly. Differences in patterns of growth, especially of the eruption of teeth, are reasonably well documented among hominoids. However, data on the absolute timing of dental developmental events are much more scarce, rendering tentative all inferences about timing from patterns alone. Such inferences are even more tentative when they involve interpreting ontogenetic trajectories in extinct species such as Plio‐Pleistocene hominids, which almost certainly had unique patterns of maturation. In order to contribute to the debate about possible relations between pattern and timing in the developing dentition, we have collated information that specifically relates to the absolute timing of developmental events in extant and extinct hominoids and, hence, also to the rate at which processes occur. In doing so, we have attempted to identify both developmental constraints and possible heterochronic processes that may have led to the extended growth period characteristic of humans. There appears to be growing evidence that evolution toward an extended hominid ontogeny did not follow a path that can be described as a simple heterochronic event.","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120799907","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The impossible coincidence. A single‐species model for the origins of modern human behavior in Europe","authors":"P. Mellars","doi":"10.1002/EVAN.20037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/EVAN.20037","url":null,"abstract":"Few topics in palaeoanthropology have generated more recent debate than the nature and causes of the remarkable transformation in human behavioral patterns that marked the transition from the Middle to the Upper Paleolithic in Europe. 1–11 Those of us who have argued for an effective technological and cultural “revolution” at this point in the Paleolithic sequence have emphasized three main dimensions 1 , 2 , 9 , 11–14 : the wide range of different aspects of behavior that appear to have been affected (Fig. 1); the relative speed and abruptness with which most of these changes can be documented in the archeological records from the different regions of Europe; and the potentially profound social and cognitive implications of many of the innovations involved. Most striking of all in this context is the abrupt appearance and proliferation of various forms of perforated animal teeth, shells, beads, and other personal ornaments, and the even more dramatic eruption of remarkably varied and sophisticated forms of art, ranging from representations of male and female sex organs, through the highly stylized animal and combined animal‐human figures from southern Germany, to the striking wall paintings of the Chauvet Cave. 8 , 15–18 One might add to this the similar proliferation of more enigmatic but potentially equally significant abstract “notation” systems on bone and ivory artifacts. 19 To describe the Upper Paleolithic revolution in Europe as reflecting preeminently an explosion in explicitly symbolic behavior and expression is in no sense an exaggeration, as most prehistorians would now agree. We are probably on safe ground in assuming that symbolic behavior and expression of this level of complexity would be inconceivable in the absence of highly structured language systems and brains closely similar, if not identical to, our own. 5 , 17 , 20–28 .","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118115940","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Hair signals","authors":"A. Jolly","doi":"10.1002/evan.20039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.20039","url":null,"abstract":"Why do humans have continuously growing head hair? Neufeld and Conroy1 recently wrote that they had been unable to find any explanation for the origin of this unique human character in the literature. If a species departs from others on one character, we have to look for some peculiarity of the species that is liable to explain it. Before proposing a hypothesis for the continuous growth of hair, I will first consider a related question calling for a similar answer: Why was fur lost in the human lineage? Producing fur has a cost. Most terrestrial mammals afford it because it contributes to thermoregulation by maintaining body heat at night or when it is cold. If a particular mammal has no fur, we must provide a particular explanation for it. Consider the case of elephants. Because of their volume, they have an especially low ratio of surface volume. Consequently, a dense hair cover is not effective for them; counter-selection has led to a reduction of fur in the species. We must find a special reason for humans in much the same way. Among the explanations proposed so far, the vestiary hypothesis states that hominin development of clothing and the use of fire made fur no longer useful.2 Following this rationale, body hair became redundant with the development of cultural artifacts. Our naked appearance would hence be a biological outcome of the advent of cultural evolution. Coming back to the unusual length of our head hair, we cannot help but see a strong contrast with the reduced hair on most parts of our bodies. I propose the same general origin for both physical characters: the advent of culture. If we consider present ethnic variations in hair style, we observe thousands of ways of combing and doing hair, processing it, sustaining it, coloring it, wearing ornaments in it, or even shaving it. Partings, coils, braids, and hair pins would be unimportant, however, if they had no social meaning. Quite to the contrary, hair features are signs that herald the cultural identity of their bearer, providing cues about tribal belonging, rank in the community, marital status, and value or history of individuals. Continuous growth is the critical character giving humans control of their hair. It provides an abundant and renewed matter allowing for the shaping of hair style and obtaining elaborated forms. The same may be said for beards and whiskers, with the additional occurrence of sexual selection. If such a cultural hypothesis about the origin of head hair growth is not already present in the literature, my guess would be that many anthropologists would spontaneously hit on the same idea if ever asked the question. The interaction between biological evolution and cultural evolution is a likely major mover of the hominization process.3 Several characters of the human face are unique among primates. This might be a consequence of our particular cognitive abilities.4 Tears and blush may acquire a sense only in beings able to ascribe an emotional meaning to ","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2005-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118586860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Is culture a golden barrier between human and chimpanzee?","authors":"C. Boesch","doi":"10.1002/evan.10106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/evan.10106","url":null,"abstract":"Culture pervades much of human existence. Its significance to human social interaction and cognitive development has convinced some researchers that the phenomenon and its underlying mechanisms represent a defining criterion for humankind. However, care should be taken not to make hasty conclusions in light of the growing number of observations on the cultural abilities of different species, ranging from chimpanzees and orangutans to whales and dolphins. The present review concentrates on wild chimpanzees and shows that they all possess an extensive cultural repertoire. In the light of what we know from humans, I evaluate the importance of social learning leading to acquisition of cultural traits, as well as of collective meaning of communicative traits. Taking into account cross‐cultural variations in humans, I argue that the cultural abilities we observe in wild chimpanzees present a broad level of similarity between the two species.","PeriodicalId":321397,"journal":{"name":"Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"118543678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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