World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery最新文献

{"title":"Characterization of the Middle Ear Microbiome in Meniere's Disease by 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing Compared to Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media.","authors":"Yu-Ting Tao, Lin Wang, Hong-Wei Zheng, Li-Sheng Yu","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70169","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the middle ear microbiome in Meniere's disease (MD) patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Middle ear smears from 10 MD patients (ME group) and 10 chronic suppurative otitis patients (OE group) were collected during surgery and processed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The ME group demonstrated significant differences in alpha diversity (Shannon/Simpson index, <i>p</i> < 0.01) and beta diversity (ANOSIM/PERMANOVA, the Bray-Curtis distance matrix, <i>R</i> = 0.144, <i>p</i> < 0.05; <i>R</i> ² = 0.107, <i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to OE group, and the PERMDISP showed lower heterogeneity in the ME group (<i>p</i> < 0.01). <i>Ruminococcus, Ochrobactrum</i>, and <i>Halomonas</i> at the genus level were enriched in the ME group, and the difference reached marginal significance. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis (LefSe) identified <i>Bacteroides, Halomonas</i>, and <i>Prevotella</i> as significantly enriched in ME, while <i>Neisseriales</i> was downregulated (|LDA| > 2, <i>p</i> < 0.05). BugBase phenotype analysis revealed that facultatively anaerobic bacteria and bacteria containing mobile genetic elements were significantly reduced in the ME group compared to the OE group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The proportion of anaerobes was higher in the ME group (<i>p</i> = 0.123). Nine KEGG metabolic pathways were enriched in the ME group, though the difference was not significant after correction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings suggested that inner ear inflammation resulted from middle ear dysbiosis may contribute to MD pathogenesis, offering novel perspectives for MD etiology and therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13646734/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149138511","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Value of Initial CT Imaging for Surgical Planning and Outcomes in Panfacial Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Kambiz Ebrahimi, Sergey Y Ivanov, Mekhaeel Shehata Fakhry Mekhaeel, Sameh Mohamed Ahmed Eissa Salem, Sergey Sergeevich Ivanov, Andrey Vitalevitch Protasov, Tahoura Talebidelooei, Saleh Dadmehr, Elena V Kaverina","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70176","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70176","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the reported prognostic value of initial computed tomography (CT) imaging for surgical planning and postoperative outcomes in panfacial fractures, and to determine whether CT-derived variables have been consistently linked to clinically relevant outcomes.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, and the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched from database inception to January 1, 2026. Eligible studies were restricted to publications from January 2015 onward.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Studies were eligible if they included patients with panfacial fractures or separately extractable panfacial fracture subgroups, reported CT or imaging-based assessment for diagnosis or surgical planning, and provided extractable postoperative or surgical-management outcomes. Study characteristics, CT-related variables, surgical-planning data, and postoperative outcomes were extracted. Random-effects meta-analysis of single proportions was performed for infection, malocclusion, revision or secondary surgery, and enophthalmos. CT-derived prognostic evidence was synthesized narratively according to whether imaging variables were directly or indirectly linked to outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixteen studies involving 1811 patients were included. Pooled postoperative complication prevalences were 11% for infection (95% CI, 0%-90%), 10% for malocclusion (95% CI, 5%-19%), 2% for revision or secondary surgery (95% CI, 2%-4%), and 5% for enophthalmos (95% CI, 1%-21%). CT, multiplanar imaging, or three-dimensional reconstruction was frequently reported for fracture characterization and operative planning. However, standardized CT-derived prognostic variables were inconsistently reported, and few studies directly linked initial imaging findings to postoperative outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Initial CT imaging is essential for assessment and surgical planning in panfacial fractures. Current evidence provides pooled postoperative benchmarks but remains insufficient to establish robust CT-based prognostic prediction. Standardized CT reporting, fracture-severity classification, and outcome assessment are needed to clarify whether initial imaging findings can predict surgical complexity and long-term outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13621254/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Fibula Free Flap as Used for Reconstruction in Patients With Oral Cavity Malignancy: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Rohan Vuppala, Nicholas Owings, Forest Weir","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70172","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70172","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>The fibula free flap is a widely used means of reconstructing the maxilla and mandible. It is used for a variety of indications, including for reconstruction after resection of a benign or malignant tumor, osteoradionecrosis, or trauma. The current literature reports outcomes for the fibula free flap across all indications, but there is a paucity of information regarding outcomes when the flap is performed exclusively after resection of malignancy. The authors report a systematic review of the literature and report flap survival rates, flap complications, donor site complications, and systemic complications.</p><p><strong>Data sources: </strong>PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Relevant data extracted included study design, number of included patients, type of maxillary or mandibular defect, total and partial flap necrosis, and other flap complications. Study-level synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) was performed due to heterogeneity of data across studies.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eight studies (<i>n</i> = 340) met criteria. Total flap failure: 20/340 (5.9%) and partial failure: 29/340 (8.5%). Among studies reporting, secondary recipient-site complications occurred in 104/256 (40.6%), donor-site in 51/166 (30.7%), and systemic in 49/210 (23.3%). Thirty-day mortality was 3/151 (2.0%) and recurrence 67/241 (27.8%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our findings affirm the high success rates in flap survival and functional restoration, highlighting the robust vascular supply and adaptable soft tissue options offered by the fibula free flap. Moreover, while the incidence of complications is not negligible, the long-term complications regarding donor site morbidity and limb function are rare.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13621431/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Eosinophilic Sialodochitis Identified in Duct Remnant After Submandibular Gland Resection.","authors":"Edward Tannenbaum, Claire Orth, Nicole Becker, Henry Hoffman","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70173","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Eosinophilic sialodochitis (ES) is an increasingly recognized cause of recurrent sialadenitis but likely remains underdiagnosed as it is commonly considered to be nonspecific chronic sialadenitis. ES is likely increasing in prevalence in association with the growing number of allergic diseases and should be considered in patients presenting with multiple episodes of salivary gland pain and swelling refractory to conventional treatment. We highlight this difficulty in diagnosis with a report of ES established following Wharton duct remnant swelling after submandibular gland (SMG) resection for stone removal with photographic, histopathologic, and radiographic analysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13620341/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Audit of Patient Communications Following Transoral Robotic Surgery.","authors":"Jonathan Goulazian, Micah K Harris, Kelly Daniels, Matthew E Spector, Kevin J Contrera, Joshua D Smith, Seungwon Kim, Steven B Chinn, Jessica Maxwell, Shaum S Sridharan","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70177","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70177","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To characterize patient-initiated communications after transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for human papillomavirus positive (HPV+) oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and assess associations with 30-day emergency department (ED) presentation and hospital readmission.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Retrospective review of adults undergoing TORS at a single tertiary center (July 2014-October 2021). Patient demographics, tumor characteristics, postoperative outcomes, and communications within 30 days were assessed. Logistic regression assessed associations with 30-day ED presentation or readmission.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 249 patients (85.1% male; mean age 60.1 ± 9.9 years), 179 patients (71.8%) initiated communications, for a total of 448 individual communications (2.5 ± 1.8 per patient). Non-medical concerns accounted for 58.0%, with medical concerns accounting for 42.0%. Fifty-seven patients (22.9%) presented to the ED within 30 days; patients with ≥ 1 communication had higher ED presentation rates (27.9% vs. 10.0%, <i>p</i> = 0.002). On multivariate logistic regression, ≥ 1 communication (OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.12-7.87, <i>p</i> = 0.03) and longer duration from discharge to first postoperative appointment (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01-1.17, <i>p</i> = 0.03) remained significantly associated with 30-day ED presentation. Notably, triaging providers recommended hospital presentation for only 16.0% of medical complaints.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Patient-initiated communications following TORS are common and mostly for logistical reasons. Communication frequency and time to first postoperative visit were predictive of 30-day ED presentation, suggesting that adjusting time to first postoperative appointment, enhanced discharge education, and early postoperative check-ins may be tangible methods to reduce unplanned healthcare utilization.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13620338/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149082178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hearing and Cognitive Function in Aged Adults: A Machine Learning and Mediation Analysis of NHANES.","authors":"Jia Luo, Jing-Qian Tan, Li-Ling Li, Jing Gu, Jian-Yan Wang, Xin-Yi Wang, Dan Chen, Peng Li","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70168","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cognitive impairment is a major public health challenge. Early identification is crucial, especially in the often-overlooked 60-69 age group. This study developed an efficient risk identification tool.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), three machine learning algorithms screened for key predictive features. Eight models were combined with a nomogram. Mediation, restricted cubic spline, and dose-response analyses explored the hearing-cognition relationship among older adults in the United States.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Five key features including race, education, alcohol consumption, pure tone audiometry (PTA), and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) were identified. The random forest model performed best (area under the curve, AUC = 0.865). Education, race, and PTA were the top three contributors. A significant positive linear relationship existed between PTA and cognitive risk, with each 1 dB HL increase raising the risk by 2%. The nomogram highlighted the highest risk for those with less than ninth-grade education, Hispanic ethnicity, and high PTA.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A exploratory risk stratification tool is developed. Education, race, and hearing level are key contributing variable. The linear PTA-cognition relationship suggests hearing screening may aid in early risk stratification for cognitive impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13617395/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149076225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AI-Powered TAT-Net Hyperspectral Imaging for Rapid and Accurate Differentiation of Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma and Malignancy.","authors":"Hao-Miao Zhao, Jia-Chang Kong, Yun-Ze Li, Wei Li, Xin Feng","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70170","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70170","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Sinonasal inverted papilloma (IP) and malignancies share overlapping clinical and endoscopic features, and conventional histopathology frequently requires time-consuming adjunct immunohistochemistry. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) can capture subtle spectral changes associated with malignant transformation that are not apparent on routine hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this retrospective single-center study, 176 H&E-stained surgical specimens from 176 patients (89 with IP and 87 with sinonasal malignancies) were allocated at the patient/specimen level to training, validation, and test sets in a 6:2:2 ratio before any hyperspectral data processing. Hyperspectral calibration, selection of regions of interest (ROIs), spectral preprocessing, feature extraction, and quality control yielded 9,296 eligible ROI-level hyperspectral samples: 5,578 in the training set, 1,859 in the validation set, and 1,859 in the test set. Joint spectral-texture features were evaluated using several reference deep-learning models and a Transformer-Attention-based Network (TAT-Net). The primary outcome was the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in the test set.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>HSI revealed distinct spectral signatures between IP and sinonasal malignancies. All deep learning models demonstrated good discriminative performance (AUCs ≥ 0.85), with TAT-Net achieving the best overall performance. On the independent test set, TAT-Net achieved an AUC of 0.9656 (95% CI: 0.9571-0.9741) for distinguishing between IP and sinonasal malignancies.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>AI-powered TAT-Net analysis of HSI enables rapid and accurate differentiation between IP and sinonasal malignancies on routine H&E sections. This approach has the potential to shorten diagnostic workflows, support early decision-making, and help standardize the evaluation of sinonasal tumors.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13598938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149040944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Top 100 Cited Articles on Anosmia and COVID-19: A Bibliometric Analysis.","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/wjo2.70178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1002/wjo2.125.].</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13591126/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149018087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Epiphora: A Structured Diagnostic Approach for the Otolaryngologist.","authors":"Luke M O'Neil, Sam Kushner-Lenhoff, Alexandra Van Brummen, Christopher Chambers, Hector Perez, Ashton E Lehmann, Matthew M Zhang, Aria Jafari","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70160","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70160","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Epiphora, or excessive tearing, has historically been predominantly managed by ophthalmologists. However, as there is substantial overlap between ophthalmic and otolaryngologic anatomy and pathology that may contribute to epiphora, patients with this symptom often present to otolaryngologists as well. Similarly, the differential of underlying etiologies for epiphora extends well beyond nasolacrimal duct obstruction, encompassing a wide array of conditions, each of which may be managed primarily by one or the other field. Judicious clinical evaluation of epiphora in each case is thus essential to identify the etiology accurately and to guide management appropriately.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This narrative review summarizes the common etiologies of epiphora and outlines a structured clinical approach to its evaluation. PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase were searched (inception to May 2025) for English literature on epiphora and its etiologies to inform this paper.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We present concise descriptions of key clinical features and corresponding diagnoses, supplemented with clinical and radiographic photographs. In addition, we describe a structured approach to the evaluation of patients presenting with epiphora.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The management of patients with epiphora is an evolving area at the intersection of otolaryngology and ophthalmology. This review provides otolaryngologists with a primer on common etiologies underlying epiphora and offers a structured framework for evaluation of this impactful symptom.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13591127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149018093","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prognostic Value of FST and Relevance to Immune Infiltration in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.","authors":"Pan Song, Tao-Wei Wu, Jing-Yi Wang, Yu-Chu Ye, Fa-Ya Liang, Xiao-Ming Huang, Ping Han","doi":"10.1002/wjo2.70132","DOIUrl":"10.1002/wjo2.70132","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Immunotherapy response rates in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are limited by multiple factors. Tumor cell-derived follistatin (FST) has been linked to immunotherapy resistance, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of FST and its associations with tumor-infiltrating immune cells in HNSCC.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bioinformatic analyses were performed using TCGA, GEO, TIMER 2.0, and CIBERSORT to explore correlations between FST expression and immune cell infiltration. Serum FST levels in HNSCC patients were measured by ELISA in 44 patients. Multiplex immunofluorescence (MIF) was used to detect FST, activin A (Act‑A), and immune cell markers in 110 HNSCC tissues. MIF images were analyzed using the Akoya Vectra Polaris system and Inform software. Survival analysis was conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>High FST expression (FST^high) was significantly associated with poor progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The percentage of FST⁺ tumor cells was negatively correlated with the densities of CD8⁺ T cells, Tfh cells, and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). The distance between CD8⁺ T cells and tumor cells was positively associated with FST expression. Act-A, the primary binding protein of FST, is co-expressed with FST and exhibits similar prognostic and immune‑infiltration patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FST may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and a predictor of immunotherapy responsiveness in HNSCC.</p>","PeriodicalId":32097,"journal":{"name":"World Journal of OtorhinolaryngologyHead and Neck Surgery","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2026-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13589445/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149008995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}