Food Control最新文献

{"title":"Smartphone-assisted triple-mode sensing of hydrogen sulfide in food using DMAMC-UCNPs@PEG","authors":"Ning Zhang ,&nbsp;Xuelian Hu ,&nbsp;Shuaijie Guo ,&nbsp;Chang Lu ,&nbsp;Siqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yiwei Tang ,&nbsp;Tianyi Ma ,&nbsp;Shuo Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111744","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111744","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Given its dual role in food quality-as both a spoilage indicator and regulated hazardous good, developing an accurate hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) analysis is critical for food safety and public health. In this work, a novel triple-mode sensor based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between UCNPs@PEG and DMAMC was developed for H₂S sensitive determination. The synthesized compound DMAMC enable rapidly capture H₂S with good selectivity via nucleophilic addition, yielding brighter fluorescence, weaker visible absorption, and a paler purple hue. Under optimal conditions, the detection limits for the up-conversion fluorescence, visible adsorption, and colorimetric modes were 0.11 μM, 0.42 μM, and 0.60 μM, respectively. This platform achieved 97.10–107.40 % recoveries in complex matrices (tap water, milk, iceberg lettuce, and pork, RSD &lt;6 %). The triple-mode sensor delivers a 3-min assay, robust anti-interference, and built-in self-calibration. Our work offers considerable potential to strengthen food-safety protocols.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111744"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing bioactive amines in plant-based fermented products","authors":"Judit Costa-Catala ,&nbsp;Giulia Tabanelli ,&nbsp;Alicia Díez-González ,&nbsp;M. Luz Latorre-Moratalla ,&nbsp;M. Carmen Vidal-Carou ,&nbsp;Oriol Comas-Basté","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111749","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111749","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fermentation of vegetable products is gaining interest due to its ability to extend shelf life and reduce food waste. Additionally, the perceived health benefits of certain fermented foods and the growing popularity of plant-based diets have led to greater consumption and diversification of fermented products. However, fermentation can also promote the accumulation of biogenic amines, which may pose health risks. This study investigated the content of bioactive amines in various commercial plant-based fermented products and evaluated a novel strategy to reduce biogenic amine accumulation by the addition of an active ingredient derived from lyophilised green pea sprouts containing the enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO). Among the tested products, sauerkraut and soy sauce exhibited the highest total biogenic amines levels, with the greatest variability between samples. In contrast, average biogenic amines levels in kimchi, tempeh, miso, soybean paste and a cashew-based cheese analogue were moderate with less variability. No biogenic amines were detected in kombucha. Spermidine and spermine were present in most products, reflecting their natural occurrence in plant ingredients. When the DAO-containing active ingredient was added to laboratory-scale sauerkraut, it significantly reduced biogenic amine levels after seven days: cadaverine decreased by 80 %, putrescine by 70 %, histamine by 23 % and tyramine by 11 %. When all four biogenic amines were simultaneously present in the sauerkraut, the selectivity and effectiveness of the active ingredient were maintained. This novel approach may contribute to the development of safer, higher-quality fermented plant products while benefiting histamine-intolerant consumers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111749"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Menaquinone-7 enhancement, coordinated control of biogenic amines, and flavor modulation in natto: Development of a food safety-oriented fermentation strategy","authors":"Hui Guo,&nbsp;Jie Hao,&nbsp;Yujiao Zhang,&nbsp;Yiwei Dai,&nbsp;Yingxi Chen,&nbsp;Chaofan Ji,&nbsp;Xinping Lin,&nbsp;Sufang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111743","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111743","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Natto, a nutritionally dense fermented soybean product, has been found to contain various health-promoting components, including nattokinase and menaquinone-7 (MK-7). In contemporary natto production, <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> was commonly used as a starter culture to ensure stable quality. However, this approach overlooked the enhancement of beneficial compounds, the coordinated control of biogenic amines during fermentation, and their positive impact on natto's quality, flavor, and bioactivity. In this study, <em>B. subtilis</em> var<em>. natto</em> (designated as the NC group) and MK-7-producing <em>B. subtilis</em> var<em>. natto</em> BSN01 (designated as the NE group) was used as a starter culture to ferment natto. The results demonstrated that the nutritional quality of natto was improved after fermentation. The NE group had the highest MK-7 content ever reported, with a value of 2.05 ± 0.05 mg/100 g, which was 2.86-fold higher than that of NC group. The accumulation of biogenic amines during fermentation remained within the safe control range. Additionally, the flavor of the natto was also significantly improved, along with a greater variety and higher concentrations of typical volatile compounds, such as 2,5-dimethyl pyrazine, and trimethyl-pyrazine, which imparted roasted meat aroma and nutty fragrance to natto. Furthermore, it displayed excellent <em>in vitro</em> antioxidant, thrombolytic, and anticoagulant activity. In conclusion, this study highlighted the beneficial role of the MK-7-producing strain <em>B. subtilis</em> var. <em>natto</em> BSN01 in natto production and the coordinated control of biogenic amines, offering a valuable, food safety-oriented fermentation strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111743"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The pesticide residue status in fruits and fashionable smoothies in the context of acute exposure and cumulative health risk","authors":"Magdalena Jankowska ,&nbsp;Piotr Kaczyński ,&nbsp;Damira Absatarova ,&nbsp;Piotr Iwaniuk ,&nbsp;Izabela Hrynko ,&nbsp;Rafał Konecki ,&nbsp;Bożena Łozowicka ,&nbsp;Stanisław Łuniewski ,&nbsp;Marcin Pietkun ,&nbsp;Ewa Rutkowska ,&nbsp;Weronika Rogowska ,&nbsp;Elżbieta Wołejko","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111739","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111739","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fruits and fashionable smoothies are the basis of a healthy diet and are consumed worldwide. Due to the various agricultural practices in global fruit cultivation, pesticides can sometimes pose a threat. The novelty of this work was the presentation of the pesticide distribution picture in 440 fruit and 350 smoothie samples produced in 19 different countries available to consumers in Polish hypermarkets. Moreover, an interesting legal analysis of the status of detected pesticides in the context of European legislation was conducted. An essential element of the research was assessing the cumulative risk for two groups of high–risk pesticides: endocrine and developmental disruptors for children and adults. The investigation of pesticides was carried out using highly advanced LC/MS/MS and GC/MS/MS techniques. Pesticides were detected in a significant number of fruits (400 samples) and smoothies (329 samples). The grape sample contained up to 18 residues, reaching a total concentration of 6.52 mg kg⁻¹. Generally, the levels of detected residues were several times higher in fruits than in smoothies. EU MRL standards were exceeded in 4.5 % of samples, extreme of 420 % chlorpyrifos/oranges. Alarmingly, about 30 % of fruit samples and 17 % of smoothies were found to contain not approved pesticides in Europe. Acute health risk was the highest for tebuconazole/grapefruits/children (785 % ARfD) and imazalil/oranges/adults (375 % ARfD). The cumulative acute health risk was determined for endocrine and reproductive disruptors with a hazard index of up to 13. Fruits with multiple residues are a serious public health problem due to cumulative health risk, especially for children.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111739"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145119407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Infection characteristics of Anisakis simplex (s.s.) in squids from NE Atlantic waters","authors":"Jorge Hernández-Urcera ,&nbsp;Lucilla Giulietti ,&nbsp;Paolo Cipriani ,&nbsp;Rupert Wienerroither ,&nbsp;Miguel Bao","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111741","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111741","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cephalopods have increasingly been reported as hosts of zoonotic parasites, notably <em>Anisakis simplex</em> (sensu stricto) (Nematoda: Anisakidae), which poses risks to human health through raw or undercooked seafood consumption. This study investigates the infection characteristics and anatomical distribution of <em>A. simplex</em> (s.s.) larvae in four commercially important squid species (<em>Loligo forbesii</em>, <em>Illex coindetii</em>, <em>Todarodes sagittatus</em> and <em>Todaropsis eblanae</em>) collected from Northeast Atlantic waters. A total of 425 specimens were examined for anisakid nematodes using the UV-press detection method (ISO 23036-1: 2021), and the larvae were identified morphologically and genetically by mtDNA <em>cox</em>2 gene sequencing. <em>Anisakis simplex</em> (s.s.) was detected in all species, with <em>T. sagittatus</em> showing the highest prevalence (69.0 %). Overall, larvae were predominantly found in the stomach and gonads, but notably also in the mantle tissue, particularly its posterior region adjacent to the digestive tract. The parasite was absent from the arms, tentacles and fins. A statistically significant positive correlation was observed between mantle length and <em>Anisakis</em> presence across all species. These findings confirm that squid, especially mesopelagic and demersal species, serve as important paratenic hosts of <em>A. simplex</em> (s.s.) in Northeast Atlantic waters, and highlight potential food safety risks associated with their consumption. The presence of larvae in mantle tissues emphasizes the need for enhanced surveillance, processing standards, and public awareness to mitigate zoonotic and allergenic risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111741"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Task-driven and interpretable hyperspectral band selection via deep sequential modeling: A case study on apple bruise detection","authors":"Shiwei Chen ,&nbsp;Chaoxian Liu ,&nbsp;Shan Zeng ,&nbsp;Chengyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Weiqiang Yang ,&nbsp;Wei Tao ,&nbsp;Zhiguang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111740","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111740","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has emerged as a powerful non-destructive sensing technology for detailed quality assessment of agricultural and food products. However, the high dimensionality, redundancy, and nonlinear inter-band dependencies inherent in HSI data present major challenges for model efficiency, robustness, and interpretability. Traditional band selection methods often rely on linear assumptions, neglect inter-band dependencies, fail to model hierarchical spectral features, and lack task-specific adaptability, thereby limiting their practical utility. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes a dual-phase spectral sequence modeling framework, inspired by natural language processing, where hyperspectral bands are treated as a wavelength-ordered sequence. The first phase employs Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to extract local spectral dynamics by explicitly modeling short-range band-to-band interactions. The second phase leverages Transformer-based self-attention mechanisms to globally optimize band selection by capturing long-range spectral dependencies and assigning task-adaptive weights. This hierarchical design bridges local physical coherence and global contextual relevance, while an attention-guided sparsity constraint enhances interpretability. Taking early-stage apple bruise detection as a representative application, the proposed method achieves state-of-the-art performance, with a precision of 98.43 %, recall of 98.29 %, and F1-score of 0.98, using a compact set of physically meaningful bands. These bands correspond to absorption features associated with moisture variation and cellular damage. The results demonstrate that LSTM's local sequential modeling and Transformer's global dependency discovery are mutually necessary. This work advances HSI-based quality inspection by unifying structural priors, task-driven learning, and interpretable band selection for real-world deployment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111740"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of a validated labor-efficient culture-based protocol to decrease false positives in Listeria monocytogenes detection","authors":"Tessa Tuytschaever ,&nbsp;Marieke Mispelaere ,&nbsp;Katleen Raes ,&nbsp;Paco Hulpiau ,&nbsp;Imca Sampers","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111736","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111736","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ISO 11290:2017 method for detecting and enumerating <em>Listeria monocytogenes</em> is detailed but labor-intensive. To reduce labor, modifications such as using fewer selective media or confirmation tests are often implemented. To ensure modified protocols are as precise as the official ISO 11290:2017, they must (or should) be validated against this standard according to ISO 16140. This resulted in numerous validated alternative methods. However, false positives still occur, making it crucial to optimize these labor-efficient protocols. This study aimed to optimize an existing validated labor-efficient culture-based (LECB) protocol consisting of three steps: initial detection on a selective medium, followed by purification of the isolate, and confirmation of the isolate. Screening was conducted on eight false-positive and 13 true-positive <em>L. monocytogenes</em> strains using five selective media and four confirmation tests to identify appropriate culture media and confirmation tests to develop a reliable, optimized LECB protocol. Only RAPID’ L. mono distinguished false from true positives and was incorporated into the optimized protocol, along with the hemolysis test. The optimized LECB protocol was tested in parallel with the original LECB protocol using three stock cultures and 66 fresh presumptive <em>L. monocytogenes</em> and <em>Listeria</em> spp. isolates. Annotated genomes of the eight false-positive and 13 true-positive isolates were screened for genes linked to agar and test selectivity. Quantitative PCR was also evaluated as an alternative confirmation method. This study demonstrates an approach for optimizing validated protocols, although full ISO 16140 validation remains necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111736"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrating elemental and total reflection X-ray spectral fingerprints with machine learning for advanced seafood traceability","authors":"Nuno M. Rodrigues ,&nbsp;Vanessa F. Fonseca ,&nbsp;Renato Mamede ,&nbsp;Susanne E. Tanner ,&nbsp;Bernardo Duarte ,&nbsp;Sara Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111682","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111682","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increased consumption and demand for seafood have led to increases in food fraud and seafood traceability regulations to ensure sustainable marine resources and food safety. Cephalopods are valuable commercial seafood resources that are highly susceptible to mislabelling. The common octopus <em>Octopus vulgaris</em> has a high market value in southern Europe, including Portugal. We collected 450 <em>O. vulgaris</em> individuals from three sampling events and five fishing areas along the Portuguese Atlantic coast to assess edible muscle tissue elemental fingerprints and spectral data as inputs for machine learning models for provenance assessment. We trained several machine learning models on multitemporal data, showing trade-offs between performance and interpretability. The analysis revealed clear distribution shifts between seasons, which are likely associated with the complex life cycle of the species. It is evident that the performance of the models varied significantly depending on the seasonal data utilized. Models trained with data from October and September, as well as their combination (Autumn), significantly outperformed those trained with April data. This variation was attributed to the complex life cycle of the species under study. This trend persisted regardless of the data type employed, whether elemental fingerprinting or spectral analysis, although elemental signature data generally yielded statistically superior results across most models. Notably, both October and September, which are similar seasons, exhibited a slight preference for spectral data. Conversely, both the combination (Autumn) and April demonstrated a clear preference for elemental fingerprint data. In terms of the overall model performance, boosted trees emerged as the top performers. Overall, irrespective of the season, boosted tree models consistently ranked as the top-performing methods, although they were not statistically significantly superior in most instances. Upon analysing the results, it is apparent that the majority of observations made for the cross-validation data remain valid. April data continue to produce the least effective results, with fingerprint and spectral data differing by only 0.02%. The season yielding the best-performing model was September, with the full fingerprint Random Forests achieving an F1 score of 73%. The developed models achieved very good predictive performance with high generalization capability, and the analysis of feature importance using Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) showed that model decisions can be biologically validated, with As being a key element in all sampling moments for the differentiation of animal capture areas.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111682"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145155768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"DNA barcoding and metabarcoding reveal labeling accuracy and species substitution in squid and surimi from Los Angeles markets","authors":"Demian A. Willette ,&nbsp;Margarita L. Joaquin","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111733","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111733","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurate species identification of seafood remains a persistent challenge in local and global marketplaces. This is particularly true for processed products that obscure diagnostic features. Here, we conduct a dual-molecular investigation into frozen squid and imitation crab products sold at American, Asian, and Hispanic grocery stores in Los Angeles, California, to assess label integrity under current U.S. Food &amp; Drug Administration (FDA) guidance. Forty-eight squid samples from 13 retailers underwent DNA barcoding and yielded high percentage matches to 10 species across six genera. Despite broad labeling as ‘squid’, all samples matched FDA Acceptable Market Names with a 0 % mislabeling rate. In contrast, DNA metabarcoding of 43 imitation crab products revealed an average of six detected species per sample, with only 72 % of samples containing at least one package listed seafood ingredient. <em>Gadus chalcogrammus</em> (Alaska pollock) and <em>Doryteuthis gahi</em> (Patagonian squid) were the most frequently detected species, with the former often included as a listed ingredient and the latter never listed. 95 % of imitation crab products contained at least one undeclared species, including detection of endangered shark species and squid species prone to illegal fishing. Our results illustrate a high labeling fidelity for single species packaged squid, yet a discrepancy between legal labeling allowances and actual product composition for blended species surimi. Based on our findings, we encourage refining and the addition of routine DNA-based surveillance of blended seafood products to improve labeling credibility, consumer confidence, and supply chain integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111733"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Concurrence, packaging effects, and risks of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in commercial dairy products","authors":"Yaqun Fan ,&nbsp;Meng Liang ,&nbsp;Jianing Xin ,&nbsp;Xingyi Wu ,&nbsp;Xiaoxu Han ,&nbsp;Hongyan Xu ,&nbsp;Su Zhang ,&nbsp;Yun Zou ,&nbsp;Shujun Dong ,&nbsp;Peilong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111734","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.foodcont.2025.111734","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) are persistent organic pollutants that have potential adverse effects on the environment and human health. Animal-derived foodstuffs are generally considered the primary source of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) for human exposure. However, information on the levels of CPs in different categories of dairy products is lacking. Here, we present a comprehensive study on SCCPs and MCCPs in butter, cheese, milk tablets, modified milk, modified milk powder, sterilized milk, whole milk powder, and yogurt of cow milk origin sold in China. Lower CP concentrations were observed in high-moisture dairy products (e.g., sterilized milk, yogurt, and modified milk) compared with the other categories. CP concentrations in cheese were the lowest among the three categories of imported dairy products (butter, cheese, and modified milk powder). CPs in imported modified milk powder and cheese were higher than in the corresponding domestic products. Trace levels of CPs may migrate from packaging materials under prolonged storage conditions, although actual dietary contributions from packaging migration are minimal. Risk assessment indicated that the health threat posed by exposure to CPs through dairy product intake was low for the general population in China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":319,"journal":{"name":"Food Control","volume":"181 ","pages":"Article 111734"},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145109563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}