Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids最新文献

{"title":"Microgrid control overview","authors":"S. Kani, F. Shahnia, M. I. Azim, Asaduzzaman Shoeb, G. Shafiullah","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH2","url":null,"abstract":"A microgrid (MG) is always prone to the uncertainties of its demand variation and generation of its non-dispatchable renewable sources, particularly when operating in the islanded mode. Such events can push voltage and/or frequency of the MG beyond their desired range of operation. This chapter reviews the control and management techniques to retain the voltage and frequency of such MGs within a predefined safe zone. Suitable real time, corrective, and preventive controllers are discussed on the generation and demand side, which aim to satisfy various objectives at different time instances. First, the necessity of such controllers and mechanisms is explained in both grid-tied and islanded modes and during the transition between these modes. Then, islanding detection and its impact on MG management are briefly discussed. Afterwards, the MG's control architecture is outlined, and the existing approaches in the literature are described briefly. Finally, three case studies on different aspects of MG control are reported to show the applicability and criticality of such services for MG operation. The emphasis of the case studies is on the islanded MG operation because frequency and voltage issues are more pronounced for those types of MGs. In particular, a new generalised droop-based controller is explained in Section 2.4.1 as an example of advanced power-sharing strategies for voltage and frequency regulation with the plug-and-play feature. In Section 2.4.2, the primary frequency control problem is tackled from the demand control perspective, where demand response (DR) resources are altered to provide frequency and voltage regulation within a short period of time. Finally, a corrective and preventive controller is outlined and explained in Section 2.4.3. The corrective controller takes action immediately after the occurrence of an event that violates the voltage or frequency by defining the least cost solution among available options. In the preventive controller, generation and load demand forecast are used to predict unexpected events in very short horizons that can lead to voltage/frequency violations and take suitable actions beforehand.","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129242434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimal sizing of energy storage system","authors":"Kamran Jalilpoor, Rahmat Khezri, A. Mahmoudi, Arman Oshnoei","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH8","url":null,"abstract":"Energy storage system (ESS) as a growing technology plays a substantial role in operation and planning of microgrids. It is a viable option in smoothing the power of renewable energy sources (RESs), peak load mitigation, voltage control, frequency regulation and reliability enhancement of microgrid. Sizing of energy storages in microgrids is still a challenge. A non-optimal small capacity of storage system cannot ensure the proper operation of a microgrid. On the other side, a non-optimal large capacity may increase the cost and power losses in the system. In this chapter, different types of energy storages with their characteristics such as capacity, cost and efficiency are introduced. The necessity of energy storages in microgrids is explained. Optimal sizing of an ESS in a microgrid is discussed. The objective function (OF), system constraints and operation conditions are addressed.","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129712368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Power electronics-microgrid interfacing","authors":"S. Peyghami, M. Alhasheem, F. Blaabjerg","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH15","url":null,"abstract":"Power electronics is the key enabling technology for modern power systems. Power converters are increasingly used in a wide range of applications from generation to consumption levels. Due to the significant importance of power electronics in modern power systems, this book chapter presents the possible structure of the future power systems employing the microgrid (MG) technologies. Different MG topologies and converter structures are introduced. Moreover, the control and operation principles of power electronic converters in MGs are discussed. Two case studies are provided in order to show the importance of power electronics in operation and control of modern power systems. Finally, the chapter is summarized with highlighting challenges encountering modern power electronics-based power systems.","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"89 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128631660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Voltage stability of microgrids","authors":"N. Hosseinzadeh, Saheb Khanabdal, Yousuf Al-Jabri, R. Al-Abri, A. Al-Hinai, M. Banejad","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH10","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focuses on voltage stability of microgrids. Some control schemes to maintain voltages of all the buses of a microgrid at acceptable levels in normal conditions and after being subjected to disturbances will be presented. Voltage stability enhancement and reactive power sharing in inverter-based microgrids are discussed, including droop-control techniques.","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116814479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microgrid feasibility study and economics","authors":"A. Parisio, L. Glielmo, E. Rikos","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH14","url":null,"abstract":"The microgrid concept is a promising approach to enable smarter energy grids. Microgrids are capable of managing and coordinating distributed generation, storage devices and loads in a more decentralized way reducing the need for centralized coordination and management entities. The increased control over communication network and digitization makes microgrids increasingly active, i.e. they can generate, sense, compute, communicate and actuate. This will also enable a more proactive role of consumers. Hence, efficient optimization and control of microgrid operation is extremely important. This chapter discusses how advanced control and optimization techniques can be used to realize the technical, economical and environmental potential of microgrids and facilitate more active demand management. Several aspects related to the feasibility study with particular focus on the control and operational aspects are discussed. The principal sources of uncertainty (e.g. energy demand, renewable generation) are taken into account to render microgrid operation less sensitive to unforeseen events. Simulation and experimental results show the potential economic and environmental benefits of the illustrated operational strategies.","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125502931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformation of microgrid to virtual power plant","authors":"R. Lis, R. Czechowski","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"354 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116341401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black start and islanding operations of microgrid","authors":"C. Gouveia, C. Moreira, A. Madureira, J. Gouveia, D. Issicaba, J. Lopes","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH13","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter describes different control techniques applied in microgrids (MGs) with responsive distributed energy resources (DER) for intentional and automatic islanding, deployment of a local black start strategy and including the reconnection to the upstream distribution network. The coordination of MG local resources, achieved through an appropriated network of controllers and communication system, enables some cells of the distribution system, with sufficient autonomy, to operate interconnected to the upstream network or autonomously in some circumstances. In this case, the potentialities of DER can be truly realized if the islanded operation is allowed and bottom-up black start functionalities are implemented. In particular, black start will be addressed for medium voltage (MV) MGs, made of several low voltage (LV) MGs, leading to the concept of a multi-MG (MMG). The chapter will then describe the black start sequence that can be implemented in such a grid considering also the contribution from electric vehicle storage.","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128340925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency stability and synthetic inertia","authors":"N. Ullah, Anwar Ali, H. Ali, Khalid Mahmood","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH11","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"95 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122822738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Requirements analysis in transactive energy management","authors":"Sreenithya Sumesh, A. Krishna, C. Subramanian","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH3","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter focusses on the effective usage of transactive energy (TE) and the importance of developing an economical TE-management (TEM) process. TE is a concept that can play a vital role in improving the efficiency and reliability of a power system. This notion is promising for the energy industry in providing an intelligent and interactive future. This concept initiates various requirements for power distribution and transmission that works efficiently and is totally reliable. This leads to the exploration of requirements engineering (RE) approaches which can play a vital role in the development of TE and management process. This chapter explains the usage of RE models in relation to micro-grid and smart grid development. The wide-ranging development of smart grid systems demands supplementary software models so that its full potential can be explored and utilised. It only makes sense that consolidation of extensive usage of distributed energy and renewable energy sources is important in relation to the future of smart grid to bring about an economical and reliable functioning of a power system. An innovative approach in the form of TE towards the future smart grid is highly beneficial for the power-system operations. This novel approach has been extensively researched in recent years around the world. Within this chapter, we are outlining a goal-oriented RE (GORE) approach to structure TEM system. The main objective of this chapter is to perform reasoning and impact of nonfunctional requirements (NFRs) on the TEM. This reasoning will help decision makers in getting the desired outcomes from an efficient and reliable power system.","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125434994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Distributed energy network using nanogrid","authors":"Xiaofeng Sun, Wei Zhao, Lei Qi","doi":"10.1049/PBPO139E_CH6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1049/PBPO139E_CH6","url":null,"abstract":"With the guidance of local governments and the concerns of the environment, more and more distributed energy resources (DERs) and distributed energy storage units (DESUs) are installed by subscribers in remote villages, outskirts and mountainous areas. The DERs and DESUs form an easy, self-controlled nanogrid. Nanogrid can be seen as smaller and technologically simpler islanding microgrids. When more and more renewable sources are interfaced to the nanogrid, a power-management issue is important for this system to supply smooth power to the customers. Therefore, some reviews for nanogrid and some representative control strategies for renewable sources in nanogrid are presented in this book chapter.","PeriodicalId":316065,"journal":{"name":"Variability, Scalability and Stability of Microgrids","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125563031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}