EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme最新文献

{"title":"Structured Light 3D Sensor for Fast and High Precision Surface Dynamics Measurements","authors":"G. Ostermeyer, chen fang, Guido Lehne-Wandrey, Malte Sandgaard, A. Vogel, Jacek Kijanski, Thomas Hillner, Fabian Repetz","doi":"10.46720/2224108eb2021-stp-006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/2224108eb2021-stp-006","url":null,"abstract":"Friction tests under controlled conditions are crucial for the understanding of the boundary layer dynamics in technical brake systems. The dynamics of the friction interface characterize the braking performance. In order to evaluate and monitor the dynamics of the friction interface, detailed insights into the friction behavior is obtained by high precision tribotesters under laboratory conditions. Especially in the low sliding speed range, specialized machines such as the Variable Velocity Tribotester (VVT) make it possible to mimic real world phenomena under controlled conditions, e.g. creep groan or COF in low temperatures. This paper presents the wenglor sensoric 3D sensor ShapeDrive MLAS201 for measuring the pad surface between friction applications at VVT. With this device, quasi in-situ measurements with high speed and precision of the pad’s surface are attained. The 3D sensor consists of a light engine which projects several patterns onto the pad surface and a high resolution camera which can record these patterns again. The topography and intensity information of the pad surface would be stored in a point cloud file with high precision of 12 megapixels. Such information can be used to analyze the surface properties such as roughness and height. With further algorithms it is also possible to observe the change of the entire topography and in further way to determine the wear volume and analyze the contact situations.","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"178 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124405831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a Small-scale Test Bench for Investigating the Tribology and Emission Behaviour of Novel Brake Friction Couples","authors":"F. Limmer, D. Barton, C. Gilkeson, P. Brooks, S. Kosarieh","doi":"10.46720/6023901eb2021-stp-002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/6023901eb2021-stp-002","url":null,"abstract":"The brake industry is currently on the search for lighter, corrosion-resistant and more eco-friendly brake systems. Apart from health and environmental issues, the main drivers for this development are the changing load profiles arising from the megatrends of electrification and autonomous driving. As the brake disc and brake pad together represent a tribological system, both components must be adjusted in order to achieve optimal functionality. Testing of brake friction couples, however, is usually a very costly, energy and time-consuming process, that only allows for a very limited range of material concepts to be considered. This is where testing friction materials on a small-scale level has great advantages because much time and money can potentially be saved in sample generation, testing and post-test analysis compared with full-scale testing. A novel small-scale test bench has been developed at the University of Leeds which aims to screen friction materials under realistic braking conditions. The foundation of the setup is the Bruker UMT TriboLab tribometer operating in a modified pin-on-disc type configuration. Popular full-scale cycles such as the WLTP based real-world driving cycle have been implemented to replicate current everyday driving scenarios as well as custom cycles that aim to simulate possible future load profiles. A full enclosure around the friction couple has been designed using CFD to allow for controlled airflow and subsequent wear debris capture and analysis. The wear particles generated during braking operation are sampled under isokinetic conditions using the well-known Dekati ELPI+ instrument. The paper will report on the scaling approach used to design the test bench and the conversion of the WLTP based real-world driving cycle to a non-inertial system. Details of the CFD analysis as well as preliminary test results will also be presented.","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125207206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Introduction to Shift2Rail","authors":"C. Borghini","doi":"10.46720/7334620eb2021-mfm-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/7334620eb2021-mfm-005","url":null,"abstract":"Mr. Carlo Borghini, Executive Director of the European Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking, introduces the Shift2Rail R&I Programme, with particular focus on the evolution of automation in the European railway systems in order to maximize the performance of the current infrastructure in terms of capacity, lifecycle cost reductions and punctuality. In this respect, railway automation and digitalization rely on the performance and contributions of critical subsystems, where the braking systems has a major role. The R&I work started with a bottom up technological approach in S2R has evolved during the years with the introduction of a system integrated approach, to ensure that all critical elements deliver together a functional performance that will contribute to deliver sustainable mobility, with rail playing a major role.","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"264 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122932435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crack Detection in Friction Material of Brake Pads","authors":"J. J. Bustos, A. van den Bossche","doi":"10.46720/3753068eb2021-stp-014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/3753068eb2021-stp-014","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicles today may bear little resemblance to their predecessors but one element remains largely unchanged: the disk brake is still the most commonly used braking system for automotive vehicles. Brake pad production is big business and competition has driven the development of new types of friction materials – materials whose properties need careful characterization and this is where impulse excitation comes in. Analysis of the resonant frequencies following impulse excitation is a well-established quality assurance tool for brake pads. It even has its own standard: SAE J2598. The push to develop more environmentally and biologically friendly brake-pad materials has led to the introduction of new friction materials. Some of these materials may however be more prone to cracking either in the production process or during use, thus a simple method is needed to identify cracks in brake pads.","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129069496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"IT-Dimensions of Swarm-based Measurement of Particulate Matter","authors":"Guido Lehne-Wandrey, Jan Malte Sandgaard, G. Ostermeyer","doi":"10.46720/6231369eb2021-stp-004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/6231369eb2021-stp-004","url":null,"abstract":"Observation and assessment of air quality is not only a growing field of scientific research, but is also increasingly becoming the focus of public interest. Political interventions have succeeded in improving air quality not only in Germany, but also in many other countries, since the turn of the millennium. For this purpose, stricter requirements have been issued on limit values for household and traffic-related emissions. Due to technological progress, exhaust emissions could be reduced. As a result, other emission sources are now coming to the fore. These include particulate emissions from tire abrasion and vehicle brakes. The monitoring of the limit values for particulate matter pollution is carried out throughout Europe by means of scattered, highly precise but also very expensive measuring stations. Furthermore, these measuring stations generally only provide hourly to daily average values. Due to the low spatial and temporal resolution, only one statement about the success of all measures can be made. Individual causes and actions cannot be considered separately. For the investigation of individual events, for example braking and starting before a traffic light, a finer temporal and spatial resolution of the fine dust measurement is required. In this work, a consideration of necessary information-technical measures for the creation of a swarm structure for the measurement of fine dust emissions takes place. This enables the finer resolution of individual emission events as required above. Furthermore, it offers the possibility to investigate dynamics and effects which could not be detected by single sensors only.","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131381769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Benchmarking the Adaptive Wheel Slide Protection","authors":"L. Imbert, Matteo Frea","doi":"10.46720/6676035eb2021-stp-003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/6676035eb2021-stp-003","url":null,"abstract":"With the ever-increasing railway traffic on existing lines railway operators are requesting means to increase line capacity, operational resiliency and lower Life Cycle Costs. WSP systems integrated in railway vehicles can address the three aspects. Indeed, a shorter braking distance in low wheel/rail adhesion conditions can increase the line capacity by allowing the vehicles to safely travel closer to each other. Furthermore, WSP systems with better performing algorithms in very and extremely low wheel/rail adhesion conditions would lead to less wheel locks and lower wheel slide velocities diminishing the number of wheel flats and overall wheel damage, thereby reducing the LCC. The increased performance in these conditions would also lead to an increased resiliency to environmental conditions. As a follow-up to the work presented in the paper entitled “ADAPTIVE WHEEL SLIDE PROTECTION ALGORITHMS” - EB2019-IBC-010, a two-point investigation is led to evaluate how the A-WSP addresses the railway operators needs. The first investigation will quantify the differences in terms of braking distance and air consumption between a WSP device incorporating a traditional WSP algorithm and a WSP device incorporating an adaptive WSP algorithm. The second investigation will quantify differences in terms of wheel flats and wheel damage between a WSP device incorporating a traditional WSP algorithm and a WSP device using an adaptive WSP algorithm, The quantification of both investigations will be done at least according to EN15595:2018 criteria and could be extended if these do not provide a holistic view of the differences. The quantification will be based on the analysis of test results from a hardware in the loop test bench and on test results from the Multi-axle Roller Rig present in Wabtec’s laboratory.In order to produce a realistic output, the hardware in the loop test bench and the Multi-axle Roller Rig will be configured according to the characteristics of an existing vehicle and subjected to a real mission profile including the most critical situation identified by railway operators.","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115669111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Brake Noise Detection Using Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Fabio Squadrani, Danilo Mendes Pedroso, Kenneth Mendoza, Juan J. García Bonito, Juan Pablo Barles, Antonio Rubio","doi":"10.46720/5213812eb2021-stp-015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/5213812eb2021-stp-015","url":null,"abstract":"Research and/or Engineering Questions/Objective: The availability of big sets of data coming from brake durability tests paves the way for making predictions and decisions related to the noise coming from brakes. In this paper, the workflow for detecting brake squeal and all its main characteristics is presented. Methodology: Initially, a uniform set of data is generated, having a repetitive structure and format. This set of data will be used to train the machine learning algorithm. From the raw data coming from the vehicle data acquisition system, a spectrogram is mathematically generated, to graphically associate sound pressure level and noise frequency within the time domain. These spectrograms will be used to train the machine learning algorithm, which will be recognizing brake noise using the spectrogram images. The final objective is to detect squeal and to identify the frequency, sound pressure level, and subjective rating as well. Results: Once the algorithm is trained with thousands of brake noise events coming from real-life brake durability, brake noise is detected with a very high level of confidence. Currently, brake squeal is the noise being identified during this first phase of the project and is identified with a proper level of confidence, including frequency and SPL. In the second phase of the project, the algorithm is also being evolved to associate a rating to the squeal noise event detected. The algorithm is capable to predict the subjective rating provided by a professional driver during standard driving or during specific noise research maneuvers. Limitations of this study: The real-time detection is currently under investigation and could affect the resolution of the spectrogram to be used to train the algorithm and to detect the brake noise. However, the current level of the study does not currently show any predictable problem that could arise when the machine learning algorithm is embedded within a real-time system. Other brake noises should also be identified, even if less amount of data is available when compared with brake squeal. Conclusion: The study shows an alternative method for automatic noise detection and shows the possibility of automatically rating the brake noise. Real-time detection is also investigated and the results of its initial integration within embedded systems is shown.","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126458229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acoustic Certification of New Composite Brake Blocks","authors":"S. Doersch, M. Starnberg, H. Brick","doi":"10.46720/1766833eb2021-stp-022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/1766833eb2021-stp-022","url":null,"abstract":"In the latest amendment to the TSI Noise, the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/774 from year 2019 (TSI NOI EU 2019/774, 2019), the term “quieter brake blocks” was introduced. The purpose was to distinguish between brake blocks that cause a high rolling noise level by roughening the surface of the wheels and quieter brake blocks with acoustic properties that better correspond to the pass-by noise limit for freight wagons. However, it has remained an open point which methods and procedures should be used for the assessment of the acoustic properties of new brake blocks. This open point shall be closed in the new revision of the TSI Noise, which will become effective in year 2022. It requires a new acoustic certification procedure for brake blocks to be developed. A new procedure for the acoustic certification of new brake blocks should be reliable, easy to use and less expensive in terms of time and costs than full scale pass-by noise measurements in field. These conditions could be fulfilled by a certification procedure based on the wheel roughness level caused by the specific brake block. The relationship to the TSI-noise limit value can be established by defining reference values for the rail roughness and transfer function according to the well-established rolling noise model. Besides the certification procedure, a practical method should be defined how to generate and assess the wheel roughness that is characteristic for a specific brake block product. This project is financed by the German Centre for Rail Traffic Research in cooperation with the Federal Railway Authority and executed by DB Systemtechnik GmbH. The objective of the presentation is to introduce the research project “Acoustic Certification of New Composite Brake Blocks”. This presentation summarizes the project work so far and gives explanations and background knowledge to the development of the methods as well as to railway noise. A calculation example is given to comprehensibly demonstrate the proposed procedure. At the time of the EuroBrake conference the project is still ongoing, and the final results cannot yet be presented. The focus for the discussions is to put on the practicability of the methods and the needs of the user regarding for instance documentation, required efforts or material and qualification.","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131509683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Automatic Pad Thickness Variation Tester","authors":"Seung Bok Kim","doi":"10.46720/1374610eb2021-stp-017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/1374610eb2021-stp-017","url":null,"abstract":"Pad thickness variation measurement is done by hand manually so far and the measurement area is limited like around 10 points depend on the pad size due to the complicate marking and measuring method . With the circumstance , reliability and accuracy could not be guaranteed against other fields are automated. Our engineering team is developing Pad Thickness Automatic Measuring System ( PTAMS ). PTAMS is consist of Universal concept of pad grip and feeding module that adapts various kind of shape and size of pad and feed to the sensing area. Non-contact type of displacement sensors scan scan full surface of both friction and back plate side at the same time to measure thickness distribution . The sensors are mounted on the air bearing slide that enable vibration free movement along with fine flatness that maintain stable accuracy to be long lasted. PC based control and data acquisition system enable us to compose scanning widths and mapping conditions for the full surface so that we can investigate full or certain area of wear out ratio or trend freely . Versatile analyzing software offers historical abrasion trend and 3D image of profile that helps investigating geometrical variation of friction part and back plate etc. PTMAS serves hand free , scrip free and enhance accuracy , reliability and investigation","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134071755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Variable Velocity Tribotester","authors":"G. Ostermeyer, A. Vogel, Jacek Kijanski, Malte Sandgaard, Guido Lehne-Wandrey","doi":"10.46720/1951153eb2021-stp-005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.46720/1951153eb2021-stp-005","url":null,"abstract":"Friction tests under controlled conditions are crucial for the understanding of the boundary layer dynamics in technical brake systems. The dynamics of the friction interface characterize the braking performance, which has to be evaluated and monitored in the early stages and throughout the development process of new friction materials. For this purpose, detailed insights into the friction behavior is obtained by high precision tribotesters under laboratory conditions. Especially in the low sliding speed range, specialized machines such as the Variable Velocity Tribotester (VVT) make it possible to mimic real world phenomena under controlled conditions, e.g. creep groan or COF in low temperatures. The VVT is modularly designed with two linear stages to move the test specimen and a highly capable servor motor for the rotation of the brake disc. A rotational disk speed of up to 400 rpm is reached with a resolution of 25 bit and a 1:10 gearbox. The normal load can reach up to 300 N (approx. 45 bar brake line pressure) by utilizing a leaf spring load unit. A 3-axis piezoelectric force sensor directly at the test specimen measures the applied and resulting forces.In addition to the friction testing, it is possible to automatically move the specimen to a high precision 3D laser scanning device with stripe light projection and to record height information and pictures of the friction surface. For measurements below room temperature, the VVT is located in an insulated chamber and equipped with two cooling aggregates","PeriodicalId":315146,"journal":{"name":"EuroBrake 2021 Technical Programme","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123231194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}