{"title":"Phytochemicals and Novel Nanotherapeutic Approaches in the Management of Rheumatic Diseases","authors":"A. A. Shah, Amit Gupta","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch009","url":null,"abstract":"Over 100 types of arthritis have been recognized in which the dominating forms are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Joint stiffness, pain, swelling, lowered range of motion of joints affected, redness around joints are the main complications of almost all types of arthritis. Medications like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), opioids, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants are only used to control the symptoms of the disease but are not able to alleviate them properly. However, with the incorporation of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) as well as tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi) in treatment, there are now promising therapeutic options to select from for the management of rheumatoid diseases. Nanotherapeutic approach has enabled us to deliver the disease-modifying agents directly to the inflammation site, thus eschewing off-target and unwanted systemic effects. Therefore, it provides an opportunity to reconsider the therapeutic compounds that were considered too toxic to be administrated via oral or parenteral route.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"489 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"113994288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanomedicine and Healthcare Systems","authors":"Harsimran Singh Bindra, Brajeshwar Singh","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch001","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter presents an outlook on the recent techniques of developing nanoscale medicines. With advancement in technology, nanoscale therapeutics is slowly becoming the future of medicine and smart diagnostics. The combined activity of therapeutic agents with assistance of nanomaterials have proved effective in troubleshooting the issues concerned with the conventional therapeutic techniques. Despite of these benefits, improvement in certain issues like side effects and toxicity needs to be studied extensively before real-time application in biological systems. Thus, in this chapter, emphasis has been made on understanding the concept of a nanomaterial-based therapeutic system with recent advances and exploration of the characteristics of nanomaterials which would allow us to further develop strategies that are supportive towards effective treatment and disease diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129787478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrospun Nanofibers for Scheming Water Pollution","authors":"M. Haasan, Ali Q. Alorabi, T. Amna","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch011","url":null,"abstract":"Water pollution is one of the key global problems which require immediate attention. Worldwide, it is predicted that more than 50% of countries will encounter water scarcities by 2025 which will increase to 75% by 2075. Each year more than 5 million people die due to water-borne diseases. The threat due to pollution by industries, exponential population growth, urbanization, by pathogenic microorganisms from human and animal waste, etc. The rise in water pollution and its subsequent effects on human health and environment is a matter of great concern. The water pollutants ought to be removed to improve water quality for human use. Nanoparticles or zero dimensional materials have been extensively studied since long, whereas one dimensional material (nanorods, nanotubes, nanowires, or nanofibers) have recently grabbed a lot of interest from global researchers. Nanofibers having large aspect ratio are grabbing incredible attention owing to dependency of physical property on directionality having high porosity and surface area as compared to normal fibers.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134119799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Encapsulation of Flavonoids in Nanocarriers","authors":"A. A. Shah, Amit Gupta","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch010","url":null,"abstract":"The term “flavonoid” is a broad term given to the collection of natural polyphenolic compounds which occur in plants (fruits, vegetables, roots, flowers, stems, bark, leaves) as their secondary metabolites. Subsequent research reveals that flavonoids possess anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-oxidative, anti-ageing, and anti-carcinogenic effects along with their capacity to modulate enzymatic activities, inhibit cell proliferation, and inhibit bacterial growth, among others. The main shortcomings of oral administration of flavonoids as therapeutic that various studies have revealed are related to their stability, bioefficacy, and bioavailability. Novel nanotechnological strategies involving nanocarrier systems are proving promising to overcome the delivery challenge of flavonoids as therapeutics. Nanocapsules, nanospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles are examples of novel nanocarrier systems that are currently being explored for targeted and efficient bio functioning of flavonoids after their oral administration.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124930861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"CNT-Based Nano Medicine From Synthesis to Therapeutic Application","authors":"Shabana Yasmeen Ansari, Shoaib Anwar Ansari, Farhan Alshammari, Sirajudheen Anwar","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch006","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon consisting of cylindrical tubes, made up of graphite with a diameter of several nm to a length of several mm. They had extraordinary structural, mechanical, and electronic properties due to their small size and mass, high mechanical resilience, and high electrical and thermal conductivity. Their large surface area made them applicable in pharmacy and medicine and adsorb or conjugate a broad variety of medical and diagnostic agents (drugs, genes, vaccines, antibodies, biosensors, etc.). They are often used to deliver drugs directly into the cells without going through the metabolic process of body. In addition to drug delivery and gene therapy, CNTs are also used for tissue regeneration, diagnostic biosensors, chiral drug enantiomer separation, drug extraction, and drug or pollutant analysis. CNTs have recently been discovered as effective antioxidants. The ADME and toxicity of different types of CNTs have also been documented here, as well as the prospects, advantages, and challenges of this promising bio-nano technology.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131145092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Role of Polyherbal Formulations of Medicinal Plants From Himalayan Regions in the Management of Diabetes","authors":"A. Shah, S. Qayoom, Amit Gupta, A. Rehman","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch007","url":null,"abstract":"Current research on phytochemicals is mainly focused on novel phenolic and polyphenolic compounds expressing their potential as therapeutic agents in various diseases like cancer, autoimmune diseases, cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, oxidative stress-related diseases, as well as their properties to inhibit the growth and proliferation of infectious agents. Among the human physiological disorders, one of the most severe endocrine metabolic diseases is Diabetes mellitus which is a clinical disease distinguished by a deficit in the production of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin. Globally, diabetes is an increasing health concern which is now emerging as an epidemic. About 700-800 plants are exhibiting anti-diabetic activity that has been studied. As far as nanotechnology in diabetes research is concerned, it has made possible the buildout of novel glucose measurement as well as insulin delivery modalities that possess the potential to excellently enhance the quality of life of the diabetic patient.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117167097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Electrospun Nanofibers for Drug Delivery Applications","authors":"Bishweshwar Pant, Mira Park","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch002","url":null,"abstract":"Nanofiber systems with various composition and biological properties have been extensively studied for various biomedical applications. The electrospinning process has been regarded as one of the versatile techniques to prepare nano to microfibers. The electrospun nanofibers are being used especially in textile industries, sensors, filters, protective clothing, energy storage materials, and biomedical applications. In the last decade, electrospun nanofibers have been highly investigated for drug delivery systems to achieve a therapeutic effect in specifically targeted sites. Various drugs or biomolecules can be easily loaded into the electrospun nanofibers by direct or indirect methods. The proper selection of polymers (or blends of various polymers), drugs, solvents to prepare the composite nanofibers with desired morphology are the tools in enhancing the bioavailability, stability, and bioactivity of drugs.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114986542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Nanomaterials and Pollution Control","authors":"L. Almansoori, Asiya Nazir","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch012","url":null,"abstract":"With nanoscience, new environmental benefits have emerged to aid pollution control. Nanotechnology is becoming beneficial for air and water pollution control and eradication in the future. Air pollution can be controlled with nano-adsorptive materials, nanocatalysis, and nano filters. For water pollution, nanofiltration and nano sorbents techniques are used. Nanotechnology establishes a framework to manipulate the molecular structure of objects depending on the characteristic to generate new materials. Environmental pollution is being controlled more efficiently and strategically through the application of nanotechnology. The technology deals with numerous contaminants like nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, carbon dioxide, among other harmful gases. The research narrows down to the argument that nanotechnology has a positive impact on environmental protection and provides an effective way to eliminate pollution by developing reliable treatment plans. In this chapter, the authors have briefly discussed the different nontechniques applied to control the pollution.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"123 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120970607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Potential Cancer Biomarkers","authors":"Fathima Mohammed Ahamed, Asiya Nazir","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch005","url":null,"abstract":"Extensive studies in the field of oncology are able to identify potential cancer biomarkers with tumor-specific molecular characteristics that exceed or complement those of existing biomarkers. However, there are challenges in the development and clinical validation of the cancer biomarkers due to the complexity of the biological process involved. Standalone or integrative approach of broad range of biomolecules, their expression pattern, epigenetic alterations, and metabolic effects are well studied in the cancer research. The potential cancer biomarkers need to be studied extensively with advanced technologies to bring about a great change in cancer screening and therapy. This chapter provide an overview on recent studies about potential cancer biomarkers. Also, specific characteristics of potential biomarkers in three common types of cancer are discussed.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121775153","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Magdalena Pérez Ortiz, Angélica Guerrero-Castilla, E. C. Quispe Chávez
{"title":"Nanophytotherapeutics for Cancer","authors":"Magdalena Pérez Ortiz, Angélica Guerrero-Castilla, E. C. Quispe Chávez","doi":"10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8251-0.ch004","url":null,"abstract":"Phytochemicals have been attributed beneficial health properties, mainly their anticancer potential. Cancer treatment seeks to shrink the tumor and kill cancer cells; however, the conventional treatment available frequently fails due to the emergence of drug-resistant cell lines. Plant-derived compounds have been studied for their potential anticancer effects or as adjuvant drug to conventional treatment. However, some of the physicochemical properties and stability characteristics of the phytocompounds generate biopharmaceuticals difficulties that limit their efficacy and clinical applications in oncology. In this sense, nanomedicine offers an alternative for the development of biocompatible, biodegradable, safe, and efficacy phytoformulations. Nanostructured delivery systems show immense potential in the bioavailability of phytodrugs by providing better alternatives to conventional dosage forms, through improving physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the phytocompounds and along with it to enhance the therapeutic efficacy.","PeriodicalId":314048,"journal":{"name":"Innovative Approaches for Nanobiotechnology in Healthcare Systems","volume":"61 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129288566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}