ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Design and Fabrication of PVA-SnO2 Based Humidity Sensors","authors":"I. Dewa, Putu Hermida, A. Azmi, S. M. Idrus, G. Wiranto, Robeth V. Manurung, Nurul Hasanah, Mustofa Amirullah, Annida Rahmawati, Papat Hidayatullah","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.419","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.419","url":null,"abstract":"In this research, humidity sensors based on Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)-Tin Oxide (SnO2) have been designed and fabricated using screen printing. The sensor devices were fabricated on Alumina Substrate (Al2O3) with Silver (Ag) as the electrode material. The number of fingers on the electrodes was varied to obtain different sensor resistance values. SnO2 was added to the PVA sensing layer with variations in the composition. The size of granules formed from mixing PVA-SnO2 material will also be observed.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114476466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SAR Measurement from Mobile Phone and Its Effect to Human Body","authors":"N. A. Ahmad, Putri Fhazleen Shaharun","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.406","url":null,"abstract":"Electromagnetic fields are created by radiofrequency waves. However, the RF emitted by a mobile phone's antenna is insufficient to cause significant heating of tissues in the ear or head. The focus of this research is to look further into SAR measurement of how much RF radiation is absorbed by tissues in the human body. A CST Microwave studio, a high-performance 3D EM analysis software, is used for this project to design, analyse, and measure electromagnetic (EM) components and systems, and perform SAR calculation as a post-processing step after the simulation. It is shown in the result that the human body does absorb energy from radiofrequency radiation emitting devices. Heating to the area of the body where a cell phone is held is the only consistently recognized biological effect of radiofrequency radiation absorption in humans, but heating is insufficient to measurably increase the body temperature.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125505644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Failure Rate Models for Deterioration in Rural Microgrids: Evaluating Model Complexity and Data Extensiveness","authors":"Tinton Dwi Atmaja, Dalila Mat Said, S. M. Idrus, A. Fudholi, M. H. Habibuddin, A. Rajani","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.435","url":null,"abstract":"Microgrids in rural areas is crucial for providing reliable and sustainable electricity to remote communities. The deterioration of these microgrids can result in power outages and decreased efficiency. A failure rate model is a tool used to predict and mitigate the risk of deterioration.  This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various failure rate models for deterioration in rural microgrid systems, with a focus on evaluating the model complexity and data extensiveness. A total of fourteen failure rate models were analyzed based on their complexity and data requirements. Complexity was evaluated in four levels, ranging from simple to expert. Data extensiveness was evaluated in four levels, ranging from basic to expert. The results show that the complexity and extensiveness of the models vary significantly, with some models being more appropriate for certain types of microgrid systems than others. The study also highlights the importance of considering the complexity and extensiveness of a model when selecting it for a particular microgrid system. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, microgrid engineers, and microgrid operators in selecting the most appropriate failure rate model for their rural microgrid systems. The findings emphasize the need to consider the complexity and extensiveness of the model to ensure its effectiveness and efficiency in predicting and mitigating the risk of deterioration.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"103 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134531708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Obstacle Detection and Anti-Collision Robot Using Ultrasonic Sensor","authors":"Dele Zacheaus Yanmida, A. Imam, S. Alim","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.404","url":null,"abstract":"Obstacle detection can be considered central and paramount in designing mobile robots. This technique enables mobile robots equipped with sensors to transverse and maneuver freely in an environment preventing damage as a result of a collision with obstacles in its path. Several systems with different approaches have been developed for the anti-collision of a robot with obstacles. The approach to Sensor selection, path planning, and navigation processes determines the operation of such a system and differs from one another. This paper presents a low-cost ultrasonic distance sensor for obstacle detection to enhance anti-collision in mobile robot navigation. The system is designed with the C/C++ programming of the Arduino software (IDE) and implemented on the ATMega 2560 Microcontroller of the Arduino board. An ultrasonic sensor detects an obstacle and sends the data collected to the controller which directs the motor driver to stop or move the robot while following a visible predefined path (blackline) embedded in the ground and detected with the help of an IR sensor placed beneath the robot. Experimental results with varied obstacle positions show a decent performance scoring 96.4% accuracy at a 50cm distance to the obstacle.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122100324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"4G Signal Strength Measurement and Simulation for Outdoor Environment at 1.8 GHz and 2.6 GHz","authors":"Muhammad Amir Haziq Kamarusshahrin, M. K. A. Rahim, Muhammad Naeem Iqbal, N. Murad, N. Samsuri, M. F. Mohd Yusoff, F. Zubir, M. Hamid, O. Ayop","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.356","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the signal strength measurement of the 4G network for an outdoor environment. The signal strength is measured at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) at 1.8 GHz and 2.6 GHz. The signal measurement is compared with the simulation using WinProp software. The database was created for the simulation, and the received signals were recorded at certain locations. The measured and simulated results show that the signal is comparable, where the highest signal is -56 dBm at 1.8 GHz and -49 dBm at 2.6 GHz.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132231575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Polyethylene Oxide and Polyvinyl Alcohol as a Host for Graphene Saturable Absorber at 1.5 µm Region","authors":"Nabihah Hussin, M. Salim, M. Y. Mohd Noor, A. Azmi, A. S. Abdullah, F. Ahmad, M. H. Ibrahim","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.420","url":null,"abstract":"This paper compares the performance of two polymeric substance, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene oxide (PEO) as a host in graphene saturable absorber (SA) fabrication. By applying a low-cost solution casting method, graphene flakes which was prepared using the electro-chemical exfoliation technique will be mixed with PEO or PVA solvent as a host. Single concentration (12.04 wt.%) of graphene-PVA and graphene-PEO has been prepared for comparison. At 1.5 µm wavelength region, 2.8 meters erbium doped fiber (EDF) was applied as a gain medium in ring laser cavity setup. Generally, our measurement confirmed stable Q-switched pulses generation (>30 dB) for both SAs at 1.5 µm region. Evidently, the generated pulse by graphene-PVA at 1531.1 nm produced shorter pulse width of 1.85 µs as compared to 18.1 µs by graphene-PEO at maximum permissible pump power. Although smaller pulse energy was calculated for graphene-PVA, the ability of this type of SA to withstand higher pump-power proved its superiority as compared to its counterpart. Notably, this is the first ever effort that assess the performance of PVA and PEO host in graphene-based saturable absorption, particularly at 1.5 µm region.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114246428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Quasi-moment-method Modelling of Energy Demand Forecasting","authors":"S. Adekola, Ayorinde Ayotunde, H. Muhammed, F. Okewole, A. Ike Mowete","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v22n1.427","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel approach to the modelling of electrical energy demand forecasting, based on the Quasi-Moment-Method (QMM). The technique, using historical energy consumption/demand data, essentially calibrates nominated ‘base’ models (in this case, nominal Harvey and Autoregressive models) to provide significantly better performing models. In addition to the novelty of the use of QMM, the paper identifies hitherto unreported singularities of the generic Harvey / logistic model, through which a simple, but remarkably pivotal modification is proposed, prior to the model’s use as base model in QMM calibration schemes. The treatment of the ‘Harvey singularities’ informed a similar and equally significant modification of the Autoregressive model utilized in the paper. For the purposes of validation and performance evaluation, computational results due to the QMM models are compared with corresponding results reported in three different journal publications, which utilized the Harvey and Autoregressive models in conventional regression schemes. And in terms of the usual model performance metrics (including Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Root Mean Square Percentage Error (RMSPE)), the results very clearly demonstrate the superiority of the QMM models for both energy demand prediction and forecasting. As representative examples, a QMM-calibrated Harvey model recorded an RMSE value of 495.45dB for total energy consumption prediction, as against 618.60dB obtained for the corresponding nominal Harvey model: and for the Autoregressive case, RMSE was obtained as 131.35dB for QMM model’s prediction of peak load demand, compared with the 173.40dB due to the nominal model.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121264140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reduced-size Biocompatible Implantable Planar Inverted F- Antenna","authors":"R. Dewan, N. Yusri, Maheza Irna Mohamad Salim","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v21n3.399","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v21n3.399","url":null,"abstract":"The existence of implantable antennas presents intrinsic challenges as the performance of the antenna degrades due to the high losses of body tissues. In this study, a reduced-size Planar Inverted F- Antenna (PIFA) operating at Industrial, Scientific Medical (ISM) band (2.4 GHz) is designed and optimized. The design of PIFA is modeled to study and analyze the effect on the implantable antenna by placing it within the human body model, particularly in the arm. Copper is used as the patch material and the ground layer of the proposed antenna with Rogers RO3210 as its substrates.  The simulation was carried within the human fat layer which is sandwich between the skin dan muscle layer. The design optimization of the antenna  for operation  in a human fat layer with optimal performance was achieved by reducing the size of the antenna.  The antenna exhibits good stability with the reflection coefficient, S11 ≤ -10 dB at 2.4 GHz suitable for WBAN application in the environment of the human fat layer for near field communication. Analysis performance of the antenna was conducted by the transient movement of the antenna position due to the antenna being prone to movement when it is implanted within the body. The transient movement analysis is done when the implantable antenna is moving toward the skin layer and toward the muscle layer from the initial position within the fat layer. Additionally, 1 mm, 2 mm, interface of the layer and when the antenna within another tissue layer has been set to examine the performance of the implantable antenna. Correspondingly, simulation results indicate the impact of the human body layer due to the electrical properties of the human body in terms of conductivities, permittivity, and thicknesses of the layers. This has shown the design optimization of the antenna satisfies all requirements for an implantable antenna, such as small size of 5.08 × 4.00 × 0.66 (), biocompatible, low reflection coefficient of -42 dB at 2.4 GHz, realized gain of -18 dBi suitable for near field communication, and acceptable performance in fat layer. Future work will expand on conducting Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) to study the high attenuation of the radiated power of the human body on implanted antennas for the safety reason to bring in real life where it is being performed and examined.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120813967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sizing Optimization Algorithm for Vehicle-to-Grid System Considering Cost and Reliability Based on Rule-Based Scheme","authors":"Abdulgader Alsharif, Chee Wei Tan, R. Ayop, Mohamed Nuri Hussin, Abba Lawan Bukar","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v21n3.353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v21n3.353","url":null,"abstract":"The most widely two Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) used are solar and wind as naturally found sources due to the provided merits as clean, free of charge, and environmentally friendly. However, they are facing limitations in intermittency. This article aims to utilize natural resources integrated with the utility grid and Electric Vehicle (EV) to provide a hybrid system with a minimum of two objectives namely Cost of Electricity (COE) and reliability using the Losses Power Supply Probability (LPSP) method. The two mentioned objectives are considered to satisfy the residential load demand with EV in terms of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) as this article considered. The mentioned objective has been addressed by the Improved Antlion Optimization Algorithm (IALO) and coupled with a high supervisory control method called Rule-Based Energy Management Strategy (RB-EMS) to guarantee to spread the power among the system component. Optimization results show the hybrid integration of the utilized RESs with the Battery (BT) gives the most economic and reliable system for the study area integrated with the EV battery. The gained result was validated with a natural-inspired metaheuristic algorithm called Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). This article assesses the effect on the RESs generators to achieve an economic and reliable system.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131360463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design of Sub-Systems for GPS-Guided Autonomous Delivery Robot System","authors":"Mohd Ariffanan Mohd Basri, Nur Hayati Sahrir","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v21n3.333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v21n3.333","url":null,"abstract":"The use of autonomous robots for delivery services is a new potential goldmine. Furthermore, since the e-commerce and delivery industry are growing at a rapid rate, it is recommended that a system that could handle the high-volume traffic as well serve as a new customer attraction, be implemented. Therefore, this work aims to develop the Autonomous Delivery Robot System (ADRS) that could be utilized for delivery services. The ADRS uses the Arduino microcontroller to run a program. The developed system consists of three main components (sub-systems), namely, mobile robot, cloud server and mobile application. The mobile robot is equipped with a tracking and an obstacle detection system to maneuver it autonomously. The ultrasonic sensors are used for obstacle detection, coupled with a Global Positioning System (GPS) to enable it deliver packages to customers in a typical outdoor environment. The ADRS ensures a human-contactless and secure delivery by using a password protected container to carry the delivery packages. Only the customer can unlock the container using the provided password via mobile application. The mobile application with customized map based on Google Maps is created to provide the user with an interactive interface. A camera is also attached on the robot for real-time monitoring purpose. The performance of the ADRS has been evaluated to determine the functionality of the developed system.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127840777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}