{"title":"Design and Implementation of a Dual Axis Solar Tracker Using Arduino Microcontroller","authors":"Y. N. Udoakah, Egwuchukwu Chukwu","doi":"10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.116","url":null,"abstract":"Energy is pivotal to the human and capital development of any nation; hence, the ever growing quest to discover reliable and sustainable energy sources. Researches on renewable energy sources ranging from wind, tidal, hydro power and solar energy is on-going; all geared towards providing better electrical energy source. Solar energy, however, holds a very promising future as far as sustainable energy solution is concerned. It is silent, green, with zero negative impact to the globe and no pollution. Unlike the conventional energy sources from fossil fuel, it reduces greatly the impact of global warming and remains endless. The developed solar tracker has two automatic tracking axis for both the zenith daily and the azimuth annually as well as displaying in real-time solar irradiation and tilt angles on the mounted LCD. The self-controlled tracking is achieved by using a MEGA2560 microcontroller board, programmed to read analog values from an array of LDRs, convert them to digital values, compare them and drive the stepper motors in the desired direction until equal light is sensed by alternate LDRs. At this point, the panel is aligned perpendicular to the sun rays to capture the maximum possible energy. A working prototype is successfully designed and constructed. The testing revealed very precise tracking made possible by using micro-stepping modes of the stepper motors. This also gave a very high tracking accuracy of about ±0.0560.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128075104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Suhana Mohamed Sultan, Nurul Syazwani Azahurin, A. Mohamad
{"title":"Synthesis and Characteristics of Carbon Nanotube Using Plasma Arc Discharge","authors":"Suhana Mohamed Sultan, Nurul Syazwani Azahurin, A. Mohamad","doi":"10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.109","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon nanoparticles (CNP) were synthesized in arc plasma discharge using a simple, low-cost and toxic-free precursor gas. The structural and electrical characteristics were examined. The diameter and the height of the grown CNP was 28.5 μm and 316.7 μm , respectively. SEM image showed existence of a high density and uniform nanostructures within the cylindrical bulk CNP tube. The average diameter of the nanoparticles is 600 nm. The electrical characteristics revealed low resistance with R = 7.23 mΩ with Cu electrodes. In addition, the device exhibited a high conductivity of 6.8 x 105 Scm-1. These results indicate the potential of CNP material for power device applications.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"11 18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123696639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. T. Thomas, O. Ogunbiyi, M. Akorede, J. Olufeagba
{"title":"Assessment of Failure and Repair Behaviours of the Jebba Hydroelectric Power Station","authors":"C. T. Thomas, O. Ogunbiyi, M. Akorede, J. Olufeagba","doi":"10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.113","url":null,"abstract":"Nigeria power generation is circa 4000 MW as at October 2016, this is far less than the national required value.Jebba Hydroelectric Power Station (JHEPS) is one of the three major hydropower stations in the country which its maximumaverage generation value is still less than the rated value of 578.4 MW. This paper presented some basic concepts of analysisof failure and repair. An algorithm was set up to extract the contiguous set of up-times and down-times to determine time-tofail (TTR) and time-to-repair (TTR) events, these events were analyzed for stochastic study. It was observed that the longestup time was 262 days and seen in turbo-alternator unit five, while the shortest was zero day and seen in the entire units exceptthat of unit two. The longest downtime was 133 days and seen in the turbo-alternator of unit one, the least time-to-repair is aday and common to all the units. The frequency distributions for both TTF and TTR showed that 79% of TTF events and 57%of TTR events are distributed in the first 2 classes","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115122761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Evaluation of Wind Energy Potential for Power Generation in some Coastal Cities in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria","authors":"Y. N. Udoakah, U. Ikafia","doi":"10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.83","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.83","url":null,"abstract":"The wind potential of three coastal sites, Ibeno (Latitude 4° 33' 54.2\"N & Longitude 8° 4' 21.3\"E), Oron (Latitude 4°48'26.53\"N & Longitude 8°14'15.74\"E) and Okobo (Latitude 4°41'48.48\"N & Longitude 8°15'23.23\"E) in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria was investigated. Using data obtained from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) and the Maritime Academy of Nigeria, Oron for Ibeno, Okobo and Oron respectively for a period of five years (2012-2016), a statistical analysis was performed. Using empirical method, the overall average Weibull distribution parameters in terms of k and c, mean power density and mean wind speed were determined for the three locations to be 3.29, 4.74 & 4.11, 7.72, 6.54 & 6.40 m/s, 344.68, 236.10 & 185.18 w/m2 and 8.24, 7.26 & 6.70 m/s respectively for Ibeno, Oron and Okobo. The results indicate that all the locations had a wind speed range higher than the 5-6 m/s recommended for electricity generation and a wind density value greater than 100 W/m2. Resulting from the analysis, the overall annual energy production was projected to be 15.23, 10.45 & 8.19 GW for Ibeno, Oron and Okobo respectively, leading to the conclusion that the three cities located along the coastal lines of Akwa Ibom, would be viable for commercial wind power production.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116387296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Abdulkarim, N. Faruk, A. O. Oloyode, L. Olawoyin, S. Popoola, A. Abdullateef, O. Ibrahim, N. Surajudeen-Bakinde, S. Abdelkader, J. Morrow, Y. Adediran, Y. Jibril
{"title":"State of the Art in Research on Optimum Design, Reliability and Control of Renewable Energy Microgrids","authors":"A. Abdulkarim, N. Faruk, A. O. Oloyode, L. Olawoyin, S. Popoola, A. Abdullateef, O. Ibrahim, N. Surajudeen-Bakinde, S. Abdelkader, J. Morrow, Y. Adediran, Y. Jibril","doi":"10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.84","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.84","url":null,"abstract":"This paper has presented a comprehensive review in the area of microgrid from the design to implementation. The aim is to evaluate the current status, problems and research efforts toward realising functional microgrids in the power system. The expectations about microgrid are many; therefore the study is divided into three main sections. Recent advancements in the wind energy, solar energy and their future prediction are summarised. States of arts in optimum design of renewable energy microgrid are also investigated. In addition, critical literature review in the reliability analysis of microgrids consisting of renewable energy sources is also reported. Control of microgrids consisting renewable energy sources have been presented. Some examples of existing microgrids across the globe are critically reviewed. The work therefore recommends that energy planners and all stakeholders should consider environmental and regional difference in microgrids planning. Finally, future research areas and directions in these areas are highlighted.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123040934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improved Analysis of DVR Performance for Voltage Sag Mitigation","authors":"Hannah Nadiah Abdul Razak, D. M. Said, N. Ahmad","doi":"10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.110","url":null,"abstract":"Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) provides the most reliable solution to the voltage quality problem in power distribution system from the effectiveness of DVR performance for voltage sag mitigation. As a custom power device, DVR offers the best solution to three phase power system in order to improve the power quality issue as the magnitude and phase of the voltage is added during the sags occurrence to restore the load condition to compensate the voltage sags. The suitable controller, Proportional-Integral (PI) Controller is used along with the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)-based control scheme to calculate the exact error and generate the missing voltage to be injected to the three-phase power system through injection transformers. Simulation results of various fault types using MATLAB/SIMULINK are shown in this paper to demonstrate the successful compensation of voltage sags by mitigation technique using Dynamic Voltage Restorer in three-phase power distribution. ","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"266 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123973158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Graphene Oxide Doped SU-8 Polymer Waveguide","authors":"M. H. Ibrahim, M. Salim, M. Y. M. Noor, N. Kassim","doi":"10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N3.86","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, graphene oxide (GO) was doped into SU-8 polymer to examine the functionalities of polymer waveguide material via dopant inclusion. In material preparation, step by step processes starting from cyclopentanone mixing will be explained. It is shown that doped material's refractive index can be tailored by having different weight percentage of GO. Finally, a single mode ridge waveguide loss of GO doped SU-8 has been characterized to be 1.9 dB/cm at 1550 nm wavelength.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121977283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Current Conduction in Dual Channel Black Phosphorene Nanoribbon Transistor","authors":"Z. Johari, N. Alias, Zuriana Auzar","doi":"10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N2.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N2.107","url":null,"abstract":"Phosphorene continues to fascinate research community due to its excellent physical and electrical properties. In this paper, the feasibility study of using dual conducting channel in black phosphorene nanoribbon transistor is investigated using Atomistic simulation tool. Both electronic and transport properties are evaluated. Through simulation, it is demonstrated that the conduction behavior behave differently where the current exhibit a great deal of increment when using dual channel. The performance was superior compared to single channel and suggests that the number of conducting channel is a significant factor in improving device behavior.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125433175","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Investigation on the Breakdown Characteristics of Different Types of Lightning Rods","authors":"N. A. Ahmad, Rosniza Zainal, Z. Adzis","doi":"10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N2.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/ELEKTRIKA.V17N2.30","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the voltage breakdown characteristics of three types of lightning rods - blunt, sharp and flat. The objectives of this study are to determine the voltage breakdown characteristics of various types of lightning rods and to obtain the striking distance of each rod. A series of experiments were conducted in the high voltage laboratory consisting of individual testing rod, competitive testing rod and also horizontal distance changing. All three types of rods have been tested in each experiment in order to obtain a comprehensive result. The blunt rod has been proven as the best strike receptor in comparison to sharp and flat rod. This is because breakdown voltage for blunt rod is much lower (199 kV) than that of flat and sharp rod. Therefore, replacement of widely used sharp rod with the blunt one should be considered in order to provide better protection for buildings from lightning activities. ","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"156 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122456773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Automation of Pick and Place Operation in Contact Lens Manufacturing","authors":"N. Wahab, Jeevaniswaran Thangaraj","doi":"10.11113/elektrika.v17n2.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v17n2.95","url":null,"abstract":"The paper describes the design of an automation of pick and place operation in contact lens manufacturing. The contact lens pick and place robot is designed so that it replaces operators to pick and place contact lenses from cassette to PS-48 tray automatically. The microcontroller used in this project is Arduino Uno. Solidworks is a software used to create the design before fabrication. Actuators used in this projects are stepper motors due to their high precision in calculating steps to move by the overall system. C programming is used along with Arduino Integrated Development Environment, IDE in programming the movement of the robot. For this project, the robot is controlled by pressing start and stop button. The automated lens pick and place robot is way better compare to humans since it is capable of reducing cycle time to complete the process by picking 7 lenses simultaneously. Moreover, the lens pick and place robot tend to reduce number of labours and improve the hygiene in contact lenses production. The lens pick and place robot has successfully helped to automate the process in contact lenses manufacturing. The goal of the design have been achieved whereby the robot manage to transfer the lenses from cassette to tray.","PeriodicalId":312612,"journal":{"name":"ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering","volume":"97 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122535058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}