Akbar Rahmati Ziveh , Mijael Rodrigo Vargas Godoy , Vishal Thakur , Johanna R. Thomson , Martin Hanel , Yannis Markonis
{"title":"evapoRe: An R-based application for exploratory data analysis of evapotranspiration","authors":"Akbar Rahmati Ziveh , Mijael Rodrigo Vargas Godoy , Vishal Thakur , Johanna R. Thomson , Martin Hanel , Yannis Markonis","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106884","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106884","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Evapotranspiration (ET) datasets derived from satellites, hydrological models, and reanalyses each have distinct strengths and limitations. Relying on a single source can bias interpretations. To address this, we present evapoRe, an R package for efficient access, visualization, and analysis of ET and potential evapotranspiration (PET) across spatial and temporal scales. evapoRe includes 22 homogenized datasets (18 ET, 4 PET) and six supporting datasets for PET estimations, covering 1948–2023 at 0.25° resolution and daily to annual scales. It also includes 12 PET estimation methods, from empirical to physically based. We demonstrate evapoRe’s capabilities through: (i) global evaluation with FLUXNET, (ii) regional analyses over the Mediterranean, (iii) case studies in Spain for drought and extremes, and (iv) an Iberian Peninsula assessment for ET product benchmarking. By unifying datasets and methods, evapoRe offers a flexible, accessible tool to support diverse research on land–atmosphere interactions and enable robust ET and PET analysis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 106884"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Operational digital twin for multi-hazard coastal flood prediction with adaptive learning: Real-time performance in the Chesapeake Bay","authors":"Paul Magoulick","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Coastal flooding threatens growing populations where compound hazards amplify risks. This study presents a proof-of-concept operational digital twin for single-location flood prediction at Annapolis in the Chesapeake Bay, integrating real-time NOAA and USGS data. An ensemble of Random Forest, XGBoost, Gradient Boosting, and LSTM models achieves RMSE = 0.043 ft with R<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> = 0.997 for short-term predictions, validated across 508,000 records and 369 extreme events over six years. Strong short-term accuracy largely reflects tidal autocorrelation in this semi-enclosed estuarine system. Feature importance shows 98.9% of predictive power derives from three water-level persistence variables, enabling efficient deployment. An empirical correction factor (0.87) calibrates predictions to local conditions. Key limitations include single-site validation without spatial inundation capability and no major hurricane landfall during the study period. The system complements physics-based models such as NOAA’s STOFS, which provide essential spatial detail and process understanding. The open-source implementation enables replication and community evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 106891"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146033917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Multi-source uncertainty quantification of water quality index models based on two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation","authors":"Xizhi Nong , Jiaojiao Tian , Lihua Chen , Jiahua Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106860","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2026.106860","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study addresses the subjectivity in weight determination of traditional Water Quality Index (WQI) models and their limited consideration of input uncertainty. A framework integrating machine learning methods and two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation (2D MCS) is proposed for water quality uncertainty analysis, using the robustness monitoring data in Hanjiang River Basin, China, as a case study. Algorithms like Random Forest (RF), XGBoost, Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE), and Support Vector Machines (SVM) are used to assess parameter importance, select key indices, and assign weights for an improved WQI model. Four uncertainty scenarios are evaluated, and a two-layer Monte Carlo simulation examines the model's stability. Results show that the optimized WQI model is more robust and adaptable, especially under combined uncertainty, highlighting the risk of synergistic effects.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106860"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145903158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sreeraj , P. Athira , Kristin Peters , Jens Kiesel
{"title":"Data-driven parameterization of SWAT+ reservoir module without access to operation rules","authors":"S. Sreeraj , P. Athira , Kristin Peters , Jens Kiesel","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106852","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106852","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Reservoirs play a pivotal role in water resources engineering, yet their simulation in hydrologic models is often constrained by a lack of operational rule data. This study presents a data-driven approach using simulated annealing for parameterizing reservoir module in the process based hydrological model SWAT + since the information on reservoir operation is lacking. Using only observed release flow time series, key reservoir decision table entries and hydrologic parameters were optimized for the Cedar Creek Reservoir (U.S.). The approach yielded substantial improvements in modeled reservoir outflow (+163.7 %, KGE = 0.72), storage (+588.2 %, KGE = 0.83), and evaporation (+85.3 %, KGE = 0.63), relative to default parameterizations. The results demonstrate that this data-driven method enables accurate SWAT + simulations even though reservoir operation rules are unavailable, thereby supporting its application in hydrologic engineering and water resources planning in data-scarce situations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106852"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145845135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marcus Nóbrega Gomes Jr. , Jose Artur Teixeira Brasil , Drew Johnson , Athanassios T. Papagiannakis , Marcio Hofheinz Giacomoni
{"title":"A coupled Darcy–Richards framework for hydrological modeling of permeable pavements, green roofs, and bioretention systems","authors":"Marcus Nóbrega Gomes Jr. , Jose Artur Teixeira Brasil , Drew Johnson , Athanassios T. Papagiannakis , Marcio Hofheinz Giacomoni","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106766","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106766","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urbanization and climate change decrease groundwater recharge while increasing rapid runoff. Low-Impact-Development (LID) practices — such as permeable pavements, green roofs, and bioretention — can mitigate these impacts, but many models oversimplify infiltration and lack long-term capabilities to simulate decades of continuous simulations usually required to capture hydrologic signatures. This study presents a physics-based, open-source framework coupling a one-dimensional mixed-form Richards equation solver with a conceptual rainfall–runoff model. Benchmarking against Hydrus-1D showed strong agreement across soil types (RMSE <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> 0.020 m for pressure head; <span><math><mo>≤</mo></math></span> 0.003 for water content). Calibration/validation with 255-day field data from a permeable asphalt site yielded NSE = 0.93 and <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> = 0.94 for calibration, NSE = 0.729 and <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>R</mi></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></math></span> = 0.80 for validation. A 30-year continuous simulation for four U.S. cities revealed distinct regional runoff retention, evaporation efficiency, and flow duration patterns, indicating differences in runoff partitioning among typical designs of bioretention systems, green roofs, and permeable pavements across climate gradients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106766"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145461580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Élise G. Devoie , Renato Pardo Lara , Aaron Berg , William L. Quinton , James R. Craig
{"title":"Modelling near-surface ice content and midwinter melt events in mineral soils","authors":"Élise G. Devoie , Renato Pardo Lara , Aaron Berg , William L. Quinton , James R. Craig","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106816","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106816","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Over winter freeze–thaw events are notoriously difficult to represent in hydrologic models and have serious implications for the hydrologic function of intermittently freezing regions. Changing climate is leading to more frequent mid-winter thaw events. Midwinter thaw events are often the cause of flooding due to the combined impacts of snowmelt, precipitation, and limited soil infiltrability. A numerically efficient, semi-analytical coupled thermal and mass transport model is presented that represents the ice content of near-surface soil, and reports the depth of freezing/thawing. The model tracks pore ice formation and mean soil temperature in terms of enthalpy. It is tested against data collected in Southern Saskatchewan and is shown to capably reproduce field observations of frozen, thawed or transitioning soils. This numerically efficient model can be incorporated into regional hydrologic models where it is expected to improve predictions of soil ice content, leading to improved estimates of over-winter streamflow and flood potential.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106816"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sangjoon Bak , Jeongho Han , Gwanjae Lee , Naehyeon Nam , Joo Hyun Bae , Yeonji Jeong , Hyungjin Shin , Kyoung Jae Lim , Seoro Lee
{"title":"Development of a web-based No coding machine learning platform for hydrology and environmental management - MoolML","authors":"Sangjoon Bak , Jeongho Han , Gwanjae Lee , Naehyeon Nam , Joo Hyun Bae , Yeonji Jeong , Hyungjin Shin , Kyoung Jae Lim , Seoro Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Developing data-driven models for hydrology and environmental management is challenging for non-experts, such as field engineers and environmental practitioners, due to limited coding experience and the complexity of model training and validation. To address this, we developed <strong>MoolML</strong>, a free, web-based, no-coding machine learning platform for simplified regression and classification modeling. The name MoolML is derived from the Korean word “물” (mool), meaning “water,” combined with Machine Learning (ML). MoolML integrates key functions such as data preprocessing, model training and prediction, hyperparameter tuning, cross-validation, feature importance analysis, and weather data collection, along with visualization tools for intuitive result presentation. The platform enables users to manage the entire modeling process without coding expertise while supporting data sharing and collaboration. The applicability and efficiency of developing ML models through the platform were tested using hydrological and environmental datasets from South Korea, and it is expected to support comprehensive watershed management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106830"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145732502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Katharina Dost , Kohji Muraoka , Anne-Gaelle Ausseil , Rubianca Benavidez , Brendon Blue , Nic Conland , Chris Daughney , Annette Semadeni-Davies , Linh Hoang , Anna Hooper , Theodore Alfred Kpodonu , Tapuwa Marapara , Richard McDowell , Trung Nguyen , Dang Anh Nguyet , Ned Norton , Deniz Özkundakci , Lisa Pearson , James Rolinson , Ra Smith , Jörg Wicker
{"title":"Freshwater modeling in Aotearoa New Zealand: Current practice and future directions","authors":"Katharina Dost , Kohji Muraoka , Anne-Gaelle Ausseil , Rubianca Benavidez , Brendon Blue , Nic Conland , Chris Daughney , Annette Semadeni-Davies , Linh Hoang , Anna Hooper , Theodore Alfred Kpodonu , Tapuwa Marapara , Richard McDowell , Trung Nguyen , Dang Anh Nguyet , Ned Norton , Deniz Özkundakci , Lisa Pearson , James Rolinson , Ra Smith , Jörg Wicker","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106820","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106820","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater modeling is vital for addressing environmental and societal challenges. In two workshops preceding this article, we revealed issues in current modeling practices in New Zealand, with a focus on catchment-level water quality modelling. Predominant were low trust in models, lack of transparency, and models unfit for purpose. This article uses a root-cause analysis to explore these issues, identify causes, and propose solutions. We find that current best practices and research are a good foundation but insufficient to fulfill our freshwater research and management needs. We advocate for long-term national strategies with centralized funding, standardized documentation, data, models, evaluation techniques, and communication methods, along with a centralized open-access platform for collaboration. Our vision is to streamline modeling projects, enhance the accessibility and reliability of models, and foster more effective decision-making processes for the sustainable management of freshwater ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106820"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xuesong Yang , Bin Xu , Huili Wang , Xinman Qin , Xinrong Wang , Zichen Ren , Yao Yao , Siying Zhou , Yao Liu , Ping Chang
{"title":"Hybrid high-dimensional vine copula–Bayesian network framework for flood risk analysis in reservoir–lake systems: Addressing multisource uncertainties","authors":"Xuesong Yang , Bin Xu , Huili Wang , Xinman Qin , Xinrong Wang , Zichen Ren , Yao Yao , Siying Zhou , Yao Liu , Ping Chang","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106818","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106818","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Complex flood control systems which comprise reservoirs, lakes, and external rivers, frequently encounter multifaceted risk sources that are spatiotemporally interconnected, resulting in diverse flood risks. This study developed a comprehensive risk analysis framework integrating stochastic simulation and Bayesian networks to facilitate refined risk prediction and diagnosis. Vine copula and Monte Carlo methods were used for probabilistic modeling and simulation, while Bayesian network was used for bidirectional risk assessment. A case study of Chaohu Lake Basin (China) show that vine copula effectively elucidates both intervariable correlations and single variable characteristics. The lateral inflow volume of lake and the external river water levels are dominant risk sources. When the maximum water level of lake increases from 9.5 m to 11.5 m, the posterior probability of dominant risk sources exceeding the design value at 20 % increases by 46.12 % and 32.22 %. This study represents an innovative approach to risk analysis for complex reservoir-lake systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106818"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tommaso Baggio , Maximiliano Costa , Niccolò Marchi , Tommaso Locatelli , Emanuele Lingua
{"title":"Improve the estimation of forest wind vulnerability through remote sensed data: a new methodology","authors":"Tommaso Baggio , Maximiliano Costa , Niccolò Marchi , Tommaso Locatelli , Emanuele Lingua","doi":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106825","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.envsoft.2025.106825","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Windstorms are the primary cause of damage to European forests. Although different mechanistic and probabilistic models have been developed to estimate the vulnerability of forests to wind, their practical application remains limited. This study presents a new, semi-automated methodology for deriving tree and forest characteristics over large areas through the analysis of Canopy Height Model (CHM) data. By integrating the semi-mechanistic model ForestGALES, the developed algorithm uses these data to calculate spatially explicit maps of Critical Wind Speed (CWS). The presented methodology is applied to a real case study to calculate the CWS of forests in the Italian Eastern Alps. Results show that adding detailed and spatially distributed forest cover information improves the CWS calculations, thereby enhancing the reliability of models to assess forest wind vulnerability. Forest practitioners can take advantage of this new methodology to enhance the resistance and resilience of their forests through specific management techniques.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":310,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Modelling & Software","volume":"197 ","pages":"Article 106825"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145689375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}