International Journal of Enteric Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Investigation of Gram-Negative Bacilli Bacteraemia in a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria: Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern","authors":"J. Igunma, T. Awopeju, Folusho A Olonipile, Aaron Umasoye","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.07","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The re-emergence of gram-negative bacilli (GNB) as the predominant cause of bacteraemia remains a major concern, given the increasing trend of antimicrobial resistance among this group of organisms. Prompt and effective empirical antibiotic treatment is vital for preventing adverse outcomes; therefore, a good knowledge of the local bacteria profile is required. Objective: This study was designed to aid the establishment of local antibiogram and empirical treatment for GNB bacteremia in patients referred to the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH), Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 230 blood samples were obtained from inpatients in different units/departments from December 2017 to November 2018. The blood cultures were processed using BACTEC 9060 automated blood culture system, and the isolates were identified using MICROBACT 12E identification kits (Oxoid, UK) at the microbiology laboratory of UPTH. Susceptibility and resistance tests were done according to CLSI guidelines. Relevant information was obtained from the laboratory request forms and patients’ clinical files. Results: The prevalence of GNB in the study was 28.9% (71/246). The distribution of GNB bacteraemia was as follows: surgical unit (26.8%), special care baby unit (SCBU) (23.9%), intensive care unit (ICU) (21.1%), and paediatric ward (8.5%). The most common source of bacteraemia was pneumonia (35.2%) followed by puerperal sepsis (15.1%) and urinary tract infection (UTI) (15.1%). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most frequently isolated gram-negative bacillus (26.6%). The overall resistance rate of extended spectrum lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL) producers, carbapenemase producers, and multi-drug resistant (MDR) organisms was 32.4%, with Acinetobacter baumannii (50%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (27.3%) exhibiting the highest level of resistance to carbapenems. Conclusion: This study showed a high MDR rate among GNB causing bacteraemia in patients at UPTH. An urgent review of the current antimicrobial prescription policy and infection control measures is recommended.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87266845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) Strains From Industrial Dairy Farms of Hamedan, Iran","authors":"Q. Ghavami, P. Mahmoodi, A. Bahari","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.03","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is considered as one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea in calves, infecting animals during the first week of age. The secretory diarrhea is attributed to the virulence factors of ETEC strains mainly including heat stable toxin (STa), as well as F5 (K99) and F41 fimbriae. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to investigate ETEC infection in neonatal calves of industrial dairy farms of Hamedan, Iran. Additionally, it was undertaken to investigate the genotypic screening of virulence genes in enterotoxigenic E. coli isolated from from dairy farms calves of Hamedan county. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 rectal swab samples were collected from healthy and diarrheic calves at one week of age belonging to eight farms. Conventional bacteriological methods, multiplex PCR, and antibiotic susceptibility test of the ETEC isolates were performed. Results: Nine E. coli isolates were found to be ETEC strains, carrying STa enterotoxin along with F5 and/or F41 fimbriae as the indicators of ETEC cells. Additionally, antibiotic susceptibility test of the ETEC isolates revealed that all of them were sensitive to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin, whereas complete resistance was observed against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (100%) and polymyxin B (100%). The present study, conducted for the first time in Hamedan, indicated a prevalence of 7.5% for Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in the examined animals. Conclusion: Regarding economic losses of the infection in claves as well as the zoonotic nature of ETEC cells, it is recommended that measures should be taken, such as immunization of pregnant cows prior to the delivery, feeding of adequate colostrum to newborn calves at the right time, and adherence to hygiene practices on the farms to prevent and/or reduce the incidence of diarrhea cases caused by infection with these bacteria.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82064347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Detection of Norwalk Virus in Carp Fish and Shrimp Ponds in Khuzestan Province, Iran by RT-PCR Method","authors":"Parisa Shojaie, Z. Mashak, Valliolah Koohdar","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.02","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Norwalk virus is one of the most common causes of viral gastroenteritis. The aquatic products are potential sources of contamination with this virus. Objectives: The main objective of the study was to investigate the presence of the Norwalk virus in different aquatic animals in Khuzestan provinces, Iran. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 pieces of fish (silver carp, common carp, big head, and grass carp species) and 10 pieces of shrimps were caught from ponds, and the samples were transferred to the laboratory in ice bags. After the separation of the intestine, the content of the intestine was extracted using two sterile filters. Then, the supernatant was used for reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using Calicivirus-specific primers (p289/ p290). Then, Norwalk virus-specific primers (NVp36/NVp35) were detected in Calicivirus positive samples. Results: The results showed 8% (4 samples) and 6% (3 samples) of the samples were infected with Calicivirus (p289/p290 genes) and Norwalk virus (NVp36/NVp35 genes), respectively. Calicivirus positive samples included 2 common carp, 1 silver carp, and 1 shrimp. Norwalk virus-positive samples included 2 common carp and 1 shrimp. In other words, the highest prevalence of virus was observed in aquatic fish feeding from the bottom of the pool. Due to the fact that this species is bred with other species and considering that this virus lives in the gastrointestinal tract, the ingestion of feces of other infected organisms can lead to the increase of this virus in the digestive system of carp. Conclusion: Therefore, due to the importance of Norwalk as a zoonotic agent and the possibility of human infection through consumption of aquatic products, preventive measures such as not using animal manure for fertilization and preventing the growth of phytoplankton in aquaculture ponds and cooking meat properly are suggested.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"287 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80304087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Occurrence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia Parasites in Drinking Water Resources of Alborz province , the Central Part of Iran in 2018","authors":"Farzaneh Kamrani, Mohammad Nouri Sepehr, A. Heidari, E. Dehghanifard, A. Miahipour, Moniereh Sezavar","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.06","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Giardia and Cryptosporidium are common parasitic protozoa that cause acute intestinal infections in children. These two parasites are mostly found in aquatic environments, including raw water, wastewater, and even treated water. Objective: The present study aimed to examine parasitic contamination of drinking water resources by cysts and the oocyst of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in Alborz province, Iran. Materials and Methods: Water samples from three rivers and seven randomly-selected wells of Alborz province were examined using Sheather, formol-ether, and immuno-fluorescence assay (IFA) techniques. The prepared slides were examined with optical and fluorescence microscopes. Results: IFA technique revealed that 28% of the wells were contaminated with both parasites. It was also shown that all rivers’ drainage basins were contaminated with Cryptosporidium parasite, while 66% of rivers’ drainage basins were contaminated with Giardia parasite. Conclusion: The results showed that water resources of Alborz province contained Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, which required health care officials to pay serious attention to treating drinking water.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"107 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81356826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of the Presence or Absence of Enterococcus Faecalis in the Intestine on the Progression or Non-progression of Intestinal Polyps to Colorectal Cancer","authors":"Somayeh Yaslianifard","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.01","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:p>\u0000 </jats:p>","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83542634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Identification of Escherichia albertii in Broiler Chickens From Kermanshah","authors":"Adel Akbari, Mostafa Razmjoo, A. Foroughi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.05","url":null,"abstract":"Background: F Escherichia albertii is generally recognized as a human pathogen with a limited number of strains. It has also been identified as a cause of mortality among birds. The clinical significance and prevalence of E. albertii are somewhat unknown. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify E. albertii as a causative agent of respiratory infections in broilers. Materials and Methods: During a three-month period (Winter 2018), 200 samples of the air sacs of 100 chickens with suspected colibacillosis were collected. Routine biochemical tests were performed and suspected isolates of E. albertii were selected for polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: A total of 68 suspected samples of E. albertii and Escherichia coli were isolated. Further, E. coli was detected in all the suspected samples using species-specific sequences of E. coli (uidA) and E. albertii (mdh and lysP). Conclusion: Escherichia albertii was not identified as a cause of respiratory infection in broilers.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72642642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Study of Antibacterial Properties of Anbarnasara Smoke on Multi-Drug Resistant Bacteria Isolated From Urinary Infection in Pregnant Women","authors":"Afsaneh Molamirzaei, Maryam Allahdadian, M. Doudi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2020.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2020.24","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Using smoke from burning donkey dung has been popular in the treatment of many diseases in Iran. Objective: This study aimed to investigating the antimicrobial properties of donkey dung smoke on multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from urinary infection. Materials and Methods: First, 300 and 200 urine samples were collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women in Isfahan, Iran. Then in each group, 100 bacterial isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus were isolated. Antibiotic resistant protocol was determined by antibiogram test. Donkey dung was sterilized, disintegrated, and heated. The smokes were concentrated in n-hexane solvent (65%) and were collected after evaporation of the solvent. Finally, the antibacterial activities of the concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL of the smokes were detected using disk diffusion and macrodilution methods. Results: The most abundant MDR isolates causing urinary infections in pregnant and non-pregnant women was Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of donkey dung smoke on MDR isolates from pregnant women were 0.25 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively. In the case of MDR isolates in non-pregnant women, the MIC of the smoke on Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus was 0.25 mg/mL, and the MBC on these isolates was 0.5 mg/mL. Conclusion: The smokes from donkey dung investigated in the present study have suitable potentials for controlling the infections after In vivo analysis.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78626656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Anticancer Effect of Fractions From Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus atrophaeus on the Proliferation and Death of Human Breast Cancer Cell Line (MCF-7)","authors":"Sepideh Asadi, N. Soleimani","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2020.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2020.25","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nowadays, breast cancer is known to be one of the most common cancers among women. Due to the side effects of chemotherapy and the high probability of recurrences in surgery, it is essential to identify and introduce new anticancer drugs of natural origin with fewer complications. In this regard, secondary bacterial metabolites and other microbial products have been considered. In the meantime, pathogenic and environmental bacteria have been investigated. Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the interaction between cytoplasmic extract and the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus atrophaeus on the proliferation rate of human breast cancer cells. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, cytoplasmic and cell wall extracts of bacteria were prepared. Then, SDS-PAGE was used to examine their protein contents. MCF-7 cells, as human breast cancer cells, with bacterial cytoplasmic extract and bacterial cell wall, were treated at different concentrations. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue were treated with different concentrations of bacterial cell wall extract. The effects of cytotoxicity were assessed by MTT assay at 24 and 48-hour intervals. The results were analyzed by SPSS. Results: The results showed that bacterial cytoplasmic extract had a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on cancer cells, suggesting that the increase of concentration significantly (P<0.05) increased cell death. Additionally, the bacterial cell wall extract showed a proliferative effect on cell growth (P<0.05) Conclusion: The bacterial cytoplasmic extract has a lethal effect and can, therefore, be considered as an anticancer compound in the future. This feature of the bacterium is attributed to the presence of a novel bioactive compound that can be used as an adjunct to other chemotherapy compounds. The bacterial cell wall extract, on the other hand, has cell growth-promoting components and can, therefore, be adopted as a compound for the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells or wound healing in future studies.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"410 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79883908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Assessment of Vitamin D Serum Level in Patients With Pulmonary and Extra-Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Karaj, Iran, During 2017-2018.","authors":"A. Soleimani, Mohammad Hossein Dehghan Tarzejani, Shirin Hakimi, Niloofar Alishiri, Roya Torabizadeh","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2020.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2020.30","url":null,"abstract":"Background: It is important to determine the type of tuberculosis and its related factors in order for effectively treating a disease and reducing its side effects in the society. Objective: This study aimed to determine vitamin D level in patients with pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis in Karaj, Iran in 2017-2018. Materials and Methods: In this observational study, 102 patients suffering from pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis disease were availably selected in Karaj, Iran in 2017-2018. They were examined and, then, their vitamin D level were assessed and compared according to the type of tuberculosis. Results: The study results showed that vitamin D level was normal in 39.2% of the case study population, but it was abnormal in 60.8% of it (18.6% deficiency and 42.2% insufficiency). Vitamin D deficiency was 15.8% in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and it was 22.2% in extra-pulmonary tuberculosis ones, showing no significant difference (P>0.05) statistically. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, hypovitaminosis-D was detected in more than half of the patients with pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis, which was not associated with the type of tuberculosis. Seemingly, the patients needed the same amount of – or even more – food, medical supplements, sports, and sunlight compared to healthy people.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74029454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation, Molecular Detection, and Risk Factors of Campylobacter Infection From Companion Dogs","authors":"D. Gharibi, B. Mosallanejad, R. Avizeh, M. Feyzabadi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2020.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2020.27","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Campylobacter is an organism that is usually associated with diarrhea in pet animals and humans, as well as other domestic, wild, and laboratory animals. Objective: The aim of the present survey was the isolation, molecular detection, and risk factors of Campylobacter infection from companion dogs referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz district, the South-West of Iran. Materials and Methods: Rectal swabs were examined by culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods from 122 companion dogs (52 diarrheic and 70 clinically healthy). Several risk factors were reviewed, including age, gender, breed, nutrition status, and lifestyle. Results: The results showed that only five samples (4.1%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. in the culture method. Campylobacter spp. was detected in 18 out of 122 dogs by the PCR, yielding an overall prevalence of 14.8%. The most prevalent species of Campylobacter among the referred dogs were C. coli (38.89%) and C. jejuni (33.33%). A lower prevalence was found for C. upsaliensis (11.11%) and C. lari (5.55%). Concurrent infections were observed in two cases of C. upsaliensis + C. lari (5.55%) and C. coli + C. lari (5.55%). No significant difference was noted between healthy (11.43%) and diarrheic (19.23%) dogs (P>0.05). Eventually, age, gender, breed, nutrition status, and lifestyle had no significant effect on Campylobacter infection (P>0.05). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of Campylobacter was moderate in the dog population of Ahvaz district, these bacteria can constitute a public health hazard because of the frequent presence of Campylobacter species in the feces.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91166664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}