International Journal of Enteric Pathogens最新文献

{"title":"Toxoplasmosis and Anxiety: A Review Study","authors":"B. Dowran, Khadijeh Khanaliha, T. Mohammadzadeh","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.17","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Toxoplasmosis, a significant zoonotic parasitic disease with serious health problems, is caused by apicomplexan protozoa, Toxoplasma gondii. Evidence has shown that Toxoplasma can also lead to psychological diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to collect information on the relationship between anxiety and toxoplasmosis. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, Noormags, and Magiran databases were searched for studies published from 2010 to October 2020. Studies that assessed the relationship between toxoplasmosis/toxoplasma and anxiety were included in the analysis. Synthesis of the results was the primary strategy for data analysis. Results: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 16 articles were selected. They had been conducted in Iran, the USA, Turkey, the Czech Republic, Finland, Mexico, Austria, and Denmark. In general, the results of 8 out of 11 investigated human studies indicated that T. gondii infection was associated with anxiety. Moreover, five of them were non-human studies, and most of them showed that T. gondii caused anxiety-related symptoms. Conclusion: The results of most studies showed that toxoplasmosis could be associated with anxiety. However, more studies are needed to look closely at how anxiety relates to this parasite.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81940685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Polymerase Chain Reaction With Fluorescent Microscopy for Detecting Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Smear-Negative Sputum Samples in Quetta, Pakistan","authors":"Muhammad Rizwan, Abdul Samad, Farah Sabeen Bugti, Muhammad Naeem, Safiullah Khan Achakzia, Mahmoud E. Gadalla, Asmaa Ibrahim","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.13","url":null,"abstract":"Background: One of the common clinical manifestations of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis is tuberculous meningitis (TBM). New methods, which are simple and effective, are necessary for early diagnosis of TBM. Objective: This study aimed to assess the use of fluorescence microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques targeting pncA and IS6110. PCR is a fast and reliable technique for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB), particularly in paucibacillary specimens such as smear-negative sputum for diagnosing patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: The pncA and IS6110 multiplex-PCR methods were applied to analyze sputum using a specific pair of primers designed to amplify the insertion sequence, pncA, and IS6110 in the M. tuberculosis genome. A total of 200 sputum samples were collected from patients with TB. Out of 200 patients, 54.0% (n=108) and 46.0% (n=92) were males and females at Fatima Jinnah General and Chest Hospital, Quetta, respectively. Results: M. tuberculosis was detected as 15 (16.3%) and 18 (16.7%) for pncA and IS6110 using PCR and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. M. tuberculosis DNA detected by PCR and smear-negative fluorescence microscopy was 16.50% (n=33) and 14.70% (n=18), respectively. In other words, PCR assay detected the increased prevalence of M. tuberculosis. Risk factors revealed high exposure to receiving TB infection which was associated with urban areas (OR=1.07, 95% CI: 0.34–3.35), TB in family (OR=1.22, 95% CI: 0.38-3.88), over crowdedness (OR=2.93, 95% CI: 0.37-23.7), malnutrition (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.52-3.74), and rural areas (OR: 1.54, 95% CI: 0.72-3.31). Conclusion: A wide range of molecular assays are now being developed and reviewed for detecting TB. We conclude that the use of pncA and IS6110 PCR assays is beneficial in the quick diagnosis of TB meningitis.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87832900","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Frequency of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis in Patients Suffering From Glioma Compared to Healthy Individuals","authors":"Elaheh Amiri, Somayeh Yaslianifard, P. Fallah, Sahar Yaslianifard, S. Oraee-Yazdani, Hamed Javadian, A. Vaezi, K. Kabir, Ali Baradaran Bagheri","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.09","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Glioma is a type of the primary tumors that progresses in the spinal cord and brain. Probiotics have probably a protective impact against the disease, especially when treated as a microbial flora in the gut. Objectives: Given the effective role of microbiota in body function, this study aimed to investigate the frequency of Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and Enterococcus faecalis in patients suffering from glioma compared to healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: To achieve our study objectives, 20 patients with glioma tumors as well as 20 healthy individuals were enrolled. Stool samples were taken from the subjects and stored at minus 20 degrees after processing. Real-Time PCR technique was employed to assess the change in the copy number of L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, and E. faecalis in patients with glioma in comparison to healthy individuals. Results: The results showed significant difference between the population of L. plantarum in the patients and healthy individuals (P=0.0004). The patients with glioma were in the 35-60 age range and the mean age of healthy individuals was 45 years (P=0.48). Conclusion: It was concluded that L. plantarum had potential for tumor induction.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85330074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytotoxic Effects of Artemisia Dracunculus L. and Heracleum Persicum Desf. Extracts on Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum Promastigotes Using MTT Assay","authors":"S. Khademvatan, Kaveh Eskandari, B. Sadeghi Nejad, S. Yusef Naanaie","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.12","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that occurs in subtropical and tropical regions with approximately 350 million people worldwide and 2 million new cases annually. The annual increase in cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is observed, especially in endemic areas such as Iran. Since there is no effective vaccine, the detection of natural anti-leishmanial products is essential. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of two herbal medicine including Artemisia dracunculus L. and Heracleum persicum Desf. (Golpar). Materials and Methods: The extracts of selected plants were obtained by maceration, and in vitro anti-leishmanial activity was assayed on Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum promastigotes using colorimetric MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay in comparison with glucantime as a reference. Results: Based on the results, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of selected plants and glucantime solutions were determined at 24, 48, and 72 hours incubation. Further, the anti-leishmanial activity of the leaf extract of A. dracunculus with IC50 values of 1.85 and 3.5 µg/mL and the fruit extract of H. persicum with values of 31.32 and 11.7 µg/mL were evaluated against L. major and L. infantum promastigotes, respectively. Conclusion: These results revealed anti-leishmania properties of the above-mentioned plants and the need to study the effects of these extracts on the Leishmania genus in animal models and in vivo assay in the future.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84184969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of Escherichia coli in Cardiovascular Disease: Fact or Hypothesis?","authors":"Mahnaz Tavakoli, M. Mohammadzadeh","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.16","url":null,"abstract":"© 2021 The Author(s); Published by Alborz University of Medical Sciences. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders. The pathogenesis of IBDs is multifactorial and is found to be related to the enteric microbiota and host immune system.1 Recovery of Escherichia coli pathotypes, especially adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC), that adheres to the inflamed ileal and colonic mucosa of patients with CD, has attracted considerable interest over the past years.2,3 AIEC virulence genes can promote motility, serum resistance, capsule and lipopolysaccharide expression, iron uptake, biofilm formation, and adhesion to and invasion of epithelial cell lines.4 The AIEC phenotype strongly adheres to and colonizes ileal enterocytes by its type 1 pili to the carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 6 receptors. Colonization of bacteria to host cells activates the mucosal T helper type 17 and increases the level of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon gamma, and interleukin 8. Moreover, the secretion of interferon gamma and TNF-α leads to the elevated carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule 6 expression, enhancing bacterial colonization.5,6 In a study by Small et al, persistent infection with AIEC strains in mice was associated with CD-like symptoms.7 In recent years, numerous studies focused on the correlation between IBD and cardiovascular disease (CVDs) development. High levels of cytokines in IBD can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis.8,9 Higher levels of coagulation factors which are frequently observed in IBD may predispose individuals to arterial thromboembolic events.10 The prevalence of venous thromboembolism varies between 1%-7% among patients with IBD.11 The blockade of TNF-α by monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody (infliximab) was found to improve endothelial dysfunction in CD patients.8,12 In a systematic review and meta-analysis study of 9 papers, Singh et al reported that IBD was associated with a modest increase in the risk of CVD, especially among women and young patients ( < 40–50-year old). The increase in risk was observed in patients with CD and UC. IBD was also associated with a 19% increase in the risk of ischemic heart disease both in patients with CD and UC.9 The gut itself has an effect on atherogenesis by microbiota during IBD. In the case of AIEC, its products and adhesion led to the release of inflammatory factors from inflamed mucosa into the circulation. The induced rise of proinflammatory cytokines could contribute to endothelial damage, cardiovascular incidence, and atherosclerosis events.8 According to th","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84456361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of an In-house Indirect ELISA Test as a Diagnostic Tool for Bovine Leptospirosis","authors":"Nina Bakhshandeh, M. Tebianian, P. Khaki, M. Esmaelizad, S. Saadatmand","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.10","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Leptospirosis is one of the most common zoonotic diseases, which is caused by a Spiral shaped bacterium called Leptospira. The recommended diagnosis method is to perform microscopic agglutination test (MAT) which is both hazardous, due to using live bacteria, and time-consuming. As a result, many attempts have been recently made to develop other serological methods, such as ELISA. Objective: This study aimed to develop an indirect ELISA method using leptospiral whole antigens for diagnosing pathogenic Leptospira. Materials and Methods: In this study, four pathogenic serovars of Leptospira were used and cultured in selective culture medium. The cultured bacteria were sonicated and the extracted antigens were used as captured antigen in ELISA method. A total of 74 samples from bovine suspected to leptospirosis and 43 samples from healthy animals were examined by MAT method. Results: According to the study results, 42 samples (56.7%) out of 74 suspected ones were found positive while 32 ones (43.2%) were determined negative by MAT analysis. All of the 43 negative control samples were found negative after performing MAT. The sensitivity and specificity of ELISA, compared to those of MAT, were measured as 87.5% and 84.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Taking into account the high sensitivity and appropriate specificity of the developed indirect ELISA method, it was recommended that ELISA be employed as an accurate method for early and rapid diagnosis of bovine leptospirosis.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90202893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 and Diabetes: A Narrative Review","authors":"Fatemeh Sameni, S. Shahrjerdi, Arash Khorram, S. Yazdani, Bahareh Hajikhani, Nooshin Nazarinejad, M. Goudarzi, M. Nasiri, M. Dadashi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.14","url":null,"abstract":"The pandemic of the novel human coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has become an evolving global health issue due to the high morbidity and mortality rate. Patients who have comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cancer, and cardiovascular disease) are significantly at increased risk for admission into the intensive care unit, and this situation could affect the survival of the infected patients. Among the various comorbidities in this review, we focused on the diabetic patients who were highly affected because of increased viral entry into the cell via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the respiratory system, leading to decreased immunity. Furthermore, several studies have been conducted on the beneficial effects of metformin in diabetic patients with COVID-19, but other studies have demonstrated the severe course of COVID-19 disease. Hence, further comprehensive studies are necessary in this regard. For these reasons, the prevention and management of COVID-19 in diabetic patients are essential and play a key role in reducing the fatality rate.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73873556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19 and Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Child: A Case Report","authors":"S. Noorian, M. Gholami, S. Haghi, Saeed Nikkhah, R. Arjmand","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.15","url":null,"abstract":"Since the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic, different cases with various diseases have been reported along with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Although COVID-19 is less common among children than adults, herein we reported an 11-year-old child who was referred to the emergency room of our hospital with tachypnea and a decreased level of consciousness (GCS: 11-15), along with vomiting and abdominal pain as the first manifestations of type 1 diabetes. She had a 2-week history of polydipsia, polyuria, and nocturia and experienced a weight loss of 5kg during the past month. The result of the real-time polymerase chain reaction for COVID-19 was turned out to be positive. The computed tomography scan of the lung revealed subpleural ground-glass opacities that were compatible with COVID-19. Although it was found that diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is precipitated by various viral infections, it informs us once again that during this pandemic, there should be a high suspicion and awareness of COVID-19 infection in patients with DKA.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74546045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Vitro Anti-Candidial Activity of Some Iranian Medicinal Plants Against Candida Species","authors":"N. Amirrajab, B. Sadeghi-Nejad, S. Yusef Naanaie, Sadegh Tehrani, Yusef Yalaly, Ehsan Ahmadi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Candida albicans is an organism most often associated with serious fungal infection, which has recently shown an increased resistance to commercial antifungal agents. As a result, using medicinal plants as an alternative method to address health problems has received a particular attention in developing countries. Objective: This study aimed to examine the anti-Candidial potential of the extracts from Zataria multiflora Boiss (ZMB), Stachys acerosa Boiss (SAB), Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl (PFL), Tanacetum parthenium L. (TAPL), Teucrium polium L. (TEPL), and Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. (CZL) against three strains of Candida, including C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. tropicalis. Materials and Methods: To this end, several tests were performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) against Candida species, using the agar well diffusion method (AWDM). Results: According to our study results, the hydroethanolic extracts of six medicinal plants exhibited anti-Candidial activities. The extracts of ZMB, SAB, and CZL demonstrated strong anti-Candidial activities, while the hydroethanolic extracts of PFL, TAPL, and TEPL revealed moderate anti-Candidial activities at any of the tested concentrations. The highest inhibitory activity (ZOI: 38 mm) was recorded for the effect of CZL on C. albicans with MIC=1.56 mg/mL, and the lowest anti-Candidial one (ZOI: 8 mm) was documented for the effect of T. parthenium on C. albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)=50 mg/mL. Conclusion: The ascending sequence of fungicidal growth inhibition zones was as follows: C. zeylanicum>Z. multiflora>S. acerosa>T. polium>T. parthenium and P. ferulacea.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80146166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparing Regimens Based on Clarithromycin, Furazolidone, and Levofloxacin in Patients With Helicobacter Pylori Infection: A Clinical Trial","authors":"Nazanin Gholinia, A. Shafikhani, Aliakbar Hajiaghamohammadi","doi":"10.34172/ijep.2021.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.34172/ijep.2021.04","url":null,"abstract":"Background: There is no current and broad consensus about the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in gastric ulcer and indigestion diseases. Objective: This study aimed to compare three regimens based on clarithromycin, furazolidone, and levofloxacin in patients with HP infection. Materials and Methods: This study was a randomized clinical trial examining 102 patients with gastrointestinal diseases. They were randomly assigned to three equal groups. In the first group, basic medication (i.e., a combination of esomeprazole 40 mg and amoxicillin 1000 mg) with clarithromycin 1000 mg was prescribed. The second group was treated with basic medication regimen along with furazolidone 400 mg. And the third group was given the basic medication with levofloxacin 500 mg. Eradication rates of the HP infection and incidence rates of drug side-effects in the three groups were compared after two-week and the obtained data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. Results: According to our study results, the HP infection eradication rates revealed by the per-protocol (PP) and intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses for the levofloxacin group were 91.2% and 93.8%, respectively, which were significantly different from those found for the furazolidone group by PP analysis and for the clarithromycin group by PP and ITT analyses (P<0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences among the three groups regarding the side effects (P>0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that two-week regimen of levofloxacin together with a single-dose of esomeprazole and amoxicillin was desirable (90%-95%) and more effective than furazolidone and clarithromycin in eradicating HP.","PeriodicalId":31016,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Enteric Pathogens","volume":"91 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81809991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}