American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry最新文献

{"title":"Yield Performance of Some Advanced Aromatic Rice Genotypes in Guyana","authors":"Mahendra Persaud, Nandram Gobind, Violet Henry, R. Persaud, O. Homenauth","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210905.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210905.15","url":null,"abstract":"Breeding for quality traits is one of the major objectives of the Rice Breeding programs in Guyana and many other countries that are self-sufficient in rice production. Aromatic rice constitutes a special group of rice which is known as the best quality of rice worldwide. It is known for its nut/popcorn-like aroma and taste. This group is estimated to account for only 15-18% of the total rice trade on the world market. They are rated as the best in quality and sell for a much higher price than high quality non-aromatic rice on the international market. Due to this fact, considerable attention has been given towards developing aromatic varieties with the view of allowing the Guyanese farmers the opportunity to enter this niche aromatic rice market and enjoy the premium price offered. So far, the breeding program has released one aromatic variety (viz. GRDB 13) for commercial cultivation in Guyana. Further, more than 200 breeding lines were evaluated and of which 14 elite genotypes were selected for further testing of their yielding ability and agronomic traits for developing and released as an aromatic rice variety. These strains were tested during the spring crop of 2019 at Rice Research Station, Burma, Mahaicony, East Coast Demerara, Guyana in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The study identified three high yielding genotypes viz., G13-113 (7840.5 kg/ha), G13-114 (7761.8 kg/ha) and G17-138 (7526.5 kg/ha) with statistically similar to the high yielding ability as the aromatic check variety, GRDB 13. In addition, all except two genotypes (G13-116 and G17-138), showed good tolerance to lodging. There was significant variability among the aromatic genotypes evaluated for days to maturity, plant height, tillers, grain length, fertility of grains, panicle length and grain weight. Also the aromatic genotypes showed similar excellent milling and cooking qualities as the local varieties.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"96 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128929512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Agroforestry Parklands in the Region of Cacheu (Guinea Bissau) from 2003 to 2018","authors":"B. Sagna, D. Ngom, B. Camara, Mamadou Abdoul Ader Diedhiou, Boubacar Solly, S. Diatta","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210905.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210905.14","url":null,"abstract":"Like other regions of Guinea Bissau, the economy of the Cacheu region is not very diversified and is dominated by cashew nut cultivation. As the country's leading production zone, with more than 30% of the national cashew nut production, the region has seen the disappearance of a large part of its natural ecosystems, especially the Elaeis guineensis parklands, despite their socio-economic importance. It is in this logic that this study is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of the Elaeis guineensis parklands in the Cacheu region over the last fifteen years. To do this, terroir transects and mapping were carried out in order to identify and see the evolution of the landscape units. Surveys on the dynamics of the parklands and other landscape units have been carried out. The combination of these methods revealed a strong disappearance of Elaeis guineensis parklands and natural vegetation. Between 2003 and 2018, an average increase of 224 ha of cashew plantation by village terroir was noted, already causing the disappearance of 153.26 ha of Elaeis guineensis parklands on average. The main cause of this disappearance is the uncontrolled expansion of cashew nut plantations. In addition to this, there are many cuts of palm tree for house construction, habitat expansion, bad exploitation practices and climate deterioration. This pressure on Elaeis guineensis parklands is gradually leading them to disappear in favour of cashew nut monoculture. It is for this purpose that special attention is being paid to these ecosystems, which are of paramount importance to the livelihood of the local population.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116667837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Available Livestock Feed Resources in South Gondar Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia","authors":"T. Debela","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.24","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted in four districts of South Gonder Zone of the Amhara National Regional State which represent highland and mid-altitude agro-ecology of the zone. In the study districts the existing livestock feed types, sources and the total DM obtained from each feed type has not been yet well addressed. So the objective of the study was to identify the major types and sources of available feed resources of livestock production. Two hundred ten rural households from both agro-ecologies were interviewed with semi-structured questionnaire. A single–visit-multiple-subject survey was carried out. The major types of feeds available are crop residues, natural pasture, hay, indigenous fodder trees and improved forage crops and pasture which vary in season. The annual average maintenance DM requirement per household was higher (p<0.05) in mid-altitude (10.47 TDM) than in the highland agro-ecology (8.92 TDM) districts. An average of 9.69 TDM of maintenance DM was produced per household from the major available feed resources, of which 62.08%, 12.24% and 12.19% was obtained from crop residues, conserved hay and grazing land, respectively. The average livestock population per household was 5.92 TLU and the average annual utilizable DM feed per household was 9.69 TDM. The study recommended that strategies like sustainable conservation of hay and crop residues during a surplus season, development of improved forages and proper storage and appropriate utilization of available feed resources are an option to mitigate feed shortage.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117327507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Preliminary Checklist of Flowering Plants in Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia","authors":"Z. A. Fitri, N. H. N. Hazlan, N. A. N. Norafida, M. Nizam, A. Latiff","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.23","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.23","url":null,"abstract":"A preliminary botanical survey was conducted in the coastal hill forest in Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia. Standard methods were used to record the species found around this forest. The first method involved the collection of herbarium specimens which are complete with fruit and flowers (fertile specimens). Unfortunately during this survey many species did not bear fruits or flowers. The second method involved the collection of sterile specimens (without fruits and flowers) to be used as voucher specimens and the third method was by random observation where the plants were observed without any specimen collection. The fourth method involved the establishment of small plots where all plants were enumerated. In the first and second methods, the specimens were collected and processed. The fertile specimens were kept in the Herbarium of Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKMB) as a reference in the future. Identification was done by comparing with those reference collections in herbarium UKMB and herbarium of Forest Research Institute (KEP) plus referring to local botanical books. A total of 237 taxa belonging to 170 genera and 64 families were recorded. Dicotyledons are represented by 59 families while the monocotyledons are represented by only 5 families. The family Euphorbiaceae is the most speciose with 21 species and followed by Dipterocarpaceae with 14 species. Both the genera Diospyros and Syzygium are the largest with 8 species each. The species that are commonly found in these forests include Cnestis palala, Rourea minor, Hopea beccariana, Diospyros clavigera, Hydnocarpus filipes, Fordia unifoliata, Memecylon pubescens, Pternandra coerulescens, Ficus variegata, F. vasculosa, Knema stenophylla, Syzygium zeylanicum, Strombosia javanica, Eugeissona tristis, Orania sylvicola, Xanthophyllum affine, Gynotroches axillaris, Aidia densiflora, Diplospora malaccensis, Gardenia carinata, Psydrax sp. 10, Paramignya sp., Grewia laevigata, Schoutenia accrescens ssp. accrescens and Rinorea anguifera. A total of 25 endemic taxa to Peninsular Malaysia has been recorded in this study including Fordia unifoliata, a small tree of ca. 10 m tall, endemic to Perak and restricted to coastal hill forest. In addition, a total of 48 species of flowering plants in Pangkor Selatan Forest Reserve was listed in 2020 IUCN Red List Categories and related reference. It is clear that this coastal hill forest has supported many species of flowering plants including endemic taxa and this forest need to be conserved.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128363884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis of Morphological Quantitative Characters in Some Ethiopian Specialty Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Accessions","authors":"Meseret Degefa, S. Alamerew, A. Mohammed, Adeba Gemechu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.22","url":null,"abstract":"Ethiopia is the motherland and center of genetic diversity of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L., Rubiaceae). Receiving extra information on genetic variability is a precondition for more enhancement of coffee (Coffea arabica L.). The present study was carried out to study the correlation and path coefficient analysis of 104 entries consisting of 100 accessions from southern parts of Ethiopia and four standard cultivars were evaluated using augmented design. Data on 22 quantitative traits were recorded from five envoy trees per row for each accession. The result revealed that, for nearly all of the traits phenotypic correlation coefficients were lower than genotypic correlation coefficients, indicative of the inherent union among various traits is less influenced by environment. The genotypic path coefficient analysis revealed that leaf area, number of primary branches, number of nodes of primary branches, canopy diameter, bean width, stem diameter, fruit width, fruit thickness, hundred bean weight, bean thickness and average inter node length of primary branches, had positive direct effects on yield per tree, at the same time as the other traits affected yield indirectly, primarily through total plant height, number of secondary branches, height up to first primary branches, fruit length, bean length, average length of primary branches, leaf width and leaf length, show negative direct sound effects on yield per tree.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125620310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Dry Matter Yield and Water Productivity of Young Harerghe Coffee Genotypes at Jimma, Southwest Ethiopia","authors":"Minda Tadesse","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.21","url":null,"abstract":"Coffee plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy; it is a major source of revenue, accounting for almost 70% of total export earnings. However, the recurrent drought and seasonal moisture deficit impacted the coffee production. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of Harerghe coffee genotypes under different deficit irrigation levels at Jimma (Malko) in rain shelter. Six Harerghe coffee genotypes seedlings with age of eleven months were subjected to three deficit irrigation levels (40, 80 and 120% of ETc) with randomized complete block design, which replicated three times. It was observed that different deficit levels significantly affected water productivity, dry mater yield production and growth traits for all genotypes. Based on mean values of total dry matter production, genotype H-823, H-957 and H-981 were classified as more productive than H-929 and H-979 under 80%ETc irrigations, while H-929 found to be less productive in terms of dry matter production. The 40%ETc of irrigation significantly improved water productivity, but, 120%ETc considerably reduced the water productivity of most genotypes. As supply of irrigation increased the water productivity was linearly decreased and opposite trend is observed for dry mater yield and plant growth. Regardless of genotypes, almost all genotypes differentially responded to irrigation amounts, the highest and lowest water productivity had produced from H-823 and H-929, respectively, but similar values was observed among H-857 and H-981. The genotype X irrigation interaction significantly impacted all measured plant traits. Among genotypes, H-823 produced highest water productivity under 80%ETc and followed by H-674, H-857 and H-929 under 40%ETc, while the lowest had from H-981 and H-674 with 120%ETc. In contrast, the 40%ETc significantly reduced dry matter production as well as inhibit plant growth. But, under 80%ETc coffee seedlings gave medium water productivity, maximum dry matter and promoted vegetative growth. However, this finding should further proofed with replicated field experiments under different agro-ecological conditions.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129315687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influences of Tree Species and Canopy Cover on Aboveground Biomass Yield and Ground Cover of Herbaceous Plants in Eastern Oromia, Ethiopia","authors":"Tolera Fikadu, T. Zewdu","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.20","url":null,"abstract":"The study was conducted at Keramile protected open forest of Goro-gutu district, Eastern Ethiopia, with the objective to examine the effects of tree species on the above ground aboveground biomass yield and ground cover of the herbaceous plants. Three tree species, Podocarpus falcatus and Juniperus procera from indigenous and Cupressus lusitanica from exotic tree species were used. Twenty large trees from each tree species, a total of 60 trees were selected purposively and 480 samples (four quadrats under and outside canopy in four directions for each tree) of herbaceous plants were collected. The results of the current study showed that tree species, canopy cover and their interactions had significant (P 0.05) found between J. procera and C. lusitanica trees. The above ground aboveground biomass yield and ground cover obtained outside canopy was significantly higher than under canopy cover of the three tree species examined. The overall result showed that tree canopy cover strongly decreased aboveground biomass yield (P<0.0001) and ground cover (P<0.0001) of the herbaceous plants. The increased above ground aboveground biomass yield and ground cover of herbaceous plants in the outside canopies in the current study indicates that the presence of these tree species in the study area could increase the vulnerability of the herbaceous plant community to future disturbances, such as climate events. Generally, tree species, canopy cover and their interaction had negative impact on ground cover and aboveground biomass yield of herbaceous plant, in Keramile protected open forest, Goro-gutu district, eastern Ethiopia. Therefore, integrated forest and herbaceous plant management and conservation is crucial in Keramile protected open forest, Goro-gutu district, eastern Ethiopia and areas receiving similar practice.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126399449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diversity, Incidence and Severity of Mistletoe on Cocoa (Theobroma Cacao) in Kumba, Meme Division, Southwest Region, Cameroon","authors":"Oben Tom Tabi, Pierre Haiwe, E. Enow","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.18","url":null,"abstract":"Cocoa is an important cash crop grown in about 400,000 ha in Cameroon and its yield remains low in spite of the use of elites’ varieties. Mistletoes are the main production limitation factor. Ecology and diversity of mistletoe are yet to be investigated in some major cocoa production areas of Cameroon. This study aimed to identify the mistletoe species infecting this crop, determine their incidence, severity and distribution, evaluate their possible sources of infection from farmers’ perspectives in the Kumba locality and appropriate management practices for these parasites. A survey was carried out in 2018, whereby samples of mistletoe on 9-17 years old cocoa plants were collected from 30 farms in 10 villages within the Kumba environs. Voucher specimens were taken for identification at the Limbe Botanic Gardens. A total of 7,279 plants were examined randomly in 3 farms per village and data obtained, analyzed using descriptive analysis and ANOVA. Three mistletoe species were identified: Phragmanthera lapathifolia, Phragmanthera batangae, and Tapinanthus globiferus. All the 10 villages surveyed, were infested with either of the parasites with Kake I having the highest incidence of 43.11% and with all the mistletoe species. Phragmanthera lapathifolia the most abundant (21.43%) of the 2,290 plants were infested. ANOVA at (P =.01;.05) showed that the local cocoa variety, Forastero was significantly susceptible than the hybrid, Trinitario. 86.6% of farmers identified birds as the main element of mistletoe dispersal; 93.3%mentioned that pruning of infected branches is best control for mistletoe. This study has established that three mistletoe parasites infest cocoa plantations in Kumba and determined their incidence, severity and distribution. Phragmanthera lapathifolia was the most abundant parasite and birds were most involved in mistletoe dispersal.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"70 2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130937713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of Fungi Associated to Pseudips mexicanus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) as a Possible Biocontrol Agent","authors":"I. Tello-Salgado, Oscar Burgos-Duenas, M. R. Sánchez-Carbente, A. BURGOS-SOLORIO","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.16","url":null,"abstract":"Entomopathogenic fungi are an important insect biological control group, however most of the fungi described as biological controllers have a broad spectrum of insect hosts. Pseudips mexicanus is a bark beetle that infests pine-oak forests in Mexico, causing significant economic and ecologic losses. In addition, the infestation alters the ecology of different organisms that coexist in the forest habitat. The search for bark beetle control methods other than pesticides has led to research into biological control procedures based on naturally occurring beetle pathogens. The goal of this paper was the isolation, morphological and molecular identification of fungi that naturally parasitize the bark beetle Pseudips mexicanus, as well as to carry out infection tests to propose a specific biological control alternative to this plague. Associated to this beetle, we have identified four isolates belonging to three genus: Beauveria, Lecanicillium and Trichoderma, within these some species have been used previously as biocontrollers, mainly in agricultural use, in the process of transformation of organic crops. The LVP-2 isolated, which was identified as Beauveria was tested for infection of naturally harvested bark beetles and its pathogenicity was proved, at three days post infection (dpi) most of the individuals presented little mobility of the legs and a swelling of the body was noted, however more studies are needed to determine their viability as plague controllers in Mexican forests.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"121 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127040362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Productivity of Soybeans Depending on the Conditions of Moisture Supply to the Soil","authors":"Shevnikov Mykola","doi":"10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.AJAF.20210904.17","url":null,"abstract":"The connection of moisture content in the soil to the total productivity of plants has been established. Indicators of photosynthetic activity of soy crops were higher in years, with better moisture resistance. Fluctuations in the net productivity of photosynthesis over the years ranged from 5.3 (the driest year) to 7.0 g/m2 day (a moisturizing year). The average indicator of the net productivity of photosynthesis during the years of favorable moisturizing was 6.5 g/m2•day, in arid years it decreased by 10.8%. The photosynthetic potential of soybean crops on average for 5 drought years was at the level of 2.5 million m2 / day during the period of branching - flowering, then it was reduced by 16%, which was a direct effect of lack of moisture in the soil. During the years of favorable soil moisture, the photosynthetic potential was quite high and remained for a longer period within 2.7 million m2 / day. The total height of plants in dry years was lower and amounted to 74.5% of sufficiently wet years. On average, 18.1 beans were formed on one plant in arid conditions, this indicator was - 29.0 beans with favorable moisture, which was higher by 60.2% compared to previous indicators. Losses from the fall of generative organs during the growing season were significant in dry years - 81.9, favorable for moisture - 78.0%. In conditions of sufficient moisture, the number of beans with three seeds was increased.","PeriodicalId":310130,"journal":{"name":"American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123646810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}