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International journal of sport biomechanics最新文献

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The Effects of Running Speed on Lower Extremity Joint Moments Generated during the Support Phase 跑步速度对支撑阶段产生的下肢关节力矩的影响
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-08-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.3.309
K. Simpson, B. Bates
{"title":"The Effects of Running Speed on Lower Extremity Joint Moments Generated during the Support Phase","authors":"K. Simpson, B. Bates","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.3.309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.3.309","url":null,"abstract":"The investigation of the effects of speed related changes on joint moments may be an optimal method to study injury mechanisms indirectly and to identify accommodation strategies to the varied impact and loading forces incurred during running. Four skilled long-distance runners performed eight trials at each of four target speeds (3.06, 3.57, 4.09, and 4.60 m/s). Peak joint moments about the ankle, knee, and hip and the relative and absolute times for various temporal events were evaluated. The hip moment parameters exhibited the greatest number (59.0%) of significant speed related differences (p<.05) compared to the knee (27.1%) and ankle (25.0%). Increased hip extensor moments were used to decrease the braking forces, and increased knee and hip extensor moments were used to increase the propulsive forces. Absolute times decreased significantly, although relative times were fairly consistent, suggesting that the relative timing of events was invariant within this range of running speeds.","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"78 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129121317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 39
Body Configuration in Multiple Somersault High Bar Dismounts 在多个空翻高杠下马的身体结构
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.2.147
D. Kerwin, M. Yeadon, Sung-Cheol Lee
{"title":"Body Configuration in Multiple Somersault High Bar Dismounts","authors":"D. Kerwin, M. Yeadon, Sung-Cheol Lee","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.2.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.2.147","url":null,"abstract":"An 11-segment three-dimensional simulation model was used to modify the body configurations of eight gymnasts performing multiple somersault dismounts during the Men’s High Bar competition in the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games. Four layout double somersault performances were modified to change a characteristic backward arch to a straight body position. This modification reduced the somersault rotation by 0.03 to 0.10 somersaults. Four tucked triple somersault performances were modified so that the thigh abduction angle was reduced to zero. This modification resulted in underrotations ranging from 0.01 to 0.34 somersaults depending on the amount of thigh abduction in the original movement. The additional angular momentum needed for successful completion of the modified movements was small in general and in no case greater than 13%.","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125515345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 31
3-D Analysis of Yurchenko Vaults Performed by Female Gymnasts During the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games 1988年汉城奥运会女子体操运动员尤尔琴科跳马的三维分析
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.2.157
Y. Kwon, V. L. Fortney, I. Shin
{"title":"3-D Analysis of Yurchenko Vaults Performed by Female Gymnasts During the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games","authors":"Y. Kwon, V. L. Fortney, I. Shin","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.2.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.2.157","url":null,"abstract":"Two of the most frequently performed vaults in the 1988 Olympic Games in Seoul were selected for 3-D cine-photogrammetry analysis: the Yurchenko layout with full twist and the Yurchenko layout. The performances included 20 vaults with the highest performance scores: 10 Yurchenko layout with Ml twist (YLF) and 10 Yurchenko layout (YL) vaults, which were performed in the women’s team optional competitions. The YLF group earned higher performance scores than the YL group. Average vaulting times were similar for the groups, but the YLF group showed shorter board and horse contact times and longer postflight times. The projectile motion variables were critical for better performance in the YLF group. Higher vertical velocity at horse takeoff was achieved mainly by minimizing its (Vv) loss during horse contact. The YL group showed the importance of angular momentum for better performance, with the normalized angular momentum during postflight being the critical variable for the YL vault.","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"131 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115466603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 32
Techniques Used in Performing the Handspring and Salto Forward Tucked Vault at the 1988 Olympic Games 1988年奥运会手翻和前翻跳马的技术运用
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.2.111
Y. Takei, E. J. Kim
{"title":"Techniques Used in Performing the Handspring and Salto Forward Tucked Vault at the 1988 Olympic Games","authors":"Y. Takei, E. J. Kim","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.2.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.2.111","url":null,"abstract":"The purposes of this study were to (a) determine the mechanical factors associated with successful performance of the handspring and salto forward vault at the 1988 Olympic Games, and (b) contrast the findings in this study to those from the 1986 USA Championships to gain additional insight for the improvement of performance. The subjects were 51 male gymnasts in the 1988 Olympic Games. Significant correlations indicated that the following were important determinants for successful results: (a) large horizontal velocity (VH) at takeoff (TO) from floor and board resulting from a fast sprint in the approach run; (b) a large change of vertical velocity (Vv) during the horse contact by means of blocking with arms and shoulders; and (c) large VH and Vv at TO from horse, which ensures great distance and height and a long time of postflight, which the judges are seeking. Comparison of the techniques between the two groups revealed that the Olympic gymnasts achieved significantly greater horizontal velocity in pr...","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"182 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122761138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 45
Twisting Techniques Used in High Bar Dismounts 高杆下马的扭转技术
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.2.139
M. Yeadon, Sung-Cheol Lee, D. Kerwin
{"title":"Twisting Techniques Used in High Bar Dismounts","authors":"M. Yeadon, Sung-Cheol Lee, D. Kerwin","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.2.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.2.139","url":null,"abstract":"At the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, eight full twisting somersault dismounts from the high bar were filmed using two cameras during the compulsory exercises of the Men’s High Bar competition. Angles describing body configuration and orientation were determined and were input into a computer simulation model of aerial movement. The deviations between simulation and film were less than 2.5° for tilt angles and less than 0.07 revolutions for twist angles. The twisting techniques employed were quantified using the tilt angle as a measure of twisting potential. Contributions to the maximum tilt angle were determined using simulations based on modifications of the film data. Each of the eight competitors obtained most of the tilt using aerial rather than contact techniques. In general, the majority of the aerial contributions arose from asymmetrical arm and hip movements.","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127526800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 17
Takeoff Mechanics of the Double Backward Somersault 双人后空翻的起跳机理
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.2.177
Inseong Hwang, Gukung Seo, Zhijiang Liu
{"title":"Takeoff Mechanics of the Double Backward Somersault","authors":"Inseong Hwang, Gukung Seo, Zhijiang Liu","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.2.177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.2.177","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the biomechanical profiles of the takeoff phase of double backward somersaults in three flight positions: seven layout double backward somersaults (L), seven twisting double backward somersaults (TW), and seven tucked double backward somersaults (TDB). Selected kinematic variables and angular momenta were calculated in order to compare the differences resulting from different aerial maneuvers. The amount of total body angular momentum about the transverse axis through the gymnasts' center of mass progressively increased from TDB to TW to L. The gymnasts performing the skill in the layout position tried to minimize the angle of block in a direction opposite the intended motion by maximizing the angle of touchdown and takeoff. In so doing, the horizontal velocity center-of-mass curve of the L showed a slowly decreasing curve compared with those of the other two somersaults while the vertical velocity curve of the L increased more slowly than the other curves during the takeoff phase. In ...","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132648955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
The Gait Patterns of Olympic Dressage Horses 奥运会盛装舞步马匹的步态模式
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-05-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.2.198
N. R. Deuel, Jong-jin Park
{"title":"The Gait Patterns of Olympic Dressage Horses","authors":"N. R. Deuel, Jong-jin Park","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.2.198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.2.198","url":null,"abstract":"Limb contact variables of the gaits of dressage horses were determined for competitors at the 1988 Seoul Summer Olympic Games in the team and individual dressage competitions. Two 16-mm motion picture cameras filming at 100 fps were aimed perpendicular to the plane of equestrian motion along the HXF and MXK diagonals of the standard dressage arena. Eighteen competitors in team dressage were filmed during the Grand Prix test while executing the extended walk, extended trot, and left lead extended canter. Fifteen horses selected as finalists for individual dressage medals were filmed during the Grand Prix Special test executing the extended trot, one-stride canter lead changes, two-stride canter lead changes, and the left lead extended canter. Velocities of the extended walk, extended trot, and extended canter were positively related to stride length. Velocities of the Grand Prix extended walk and Grand Prix Special extended trot were positively related to stride frequency. Limb contact patterns of the exte...","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125954092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 44
Mechanics of Prolonged Downhill Running 长时间下坡跑的机制
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-02-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.1.56
R. Marshall, D. Paterson, P. Glendining
{"title":"Mechanics of Prolonged Downhill Running","authors":"R. Marshall, D. Paterson, P. Glendining","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.1.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.1.56","url":null,"abstract":"Approximately 25 runners were filmed at the 24.9- and 41.0-km points in the 1987 Everest Marathon. Their finishing times ranged from 4:53:10 to 7:14:37. Leg length, step lengths, step frequencies, knee angles at impact, and ankle-to-hip angles at impact were determined for each runner who appeared in both films (N = 20). The slopes at the two filming sites were −21.8% and −26.8%, considerably steeper gradients than have previously been studied. When compared to data from other downhill running studies at −10% gradient, these athletes had slightly slower speeds, shorter step lengths, straighter legs on impact, and greater minimum knee angles during stance. The results suggest that the runners used a variety of techniques to minimize the effects of ground impact while still allowing for the competitive aspect of the race, considerable variation in footing and terrain, and personal safety.","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114838151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The Effect of Pedal Platform Height on Cycling Biomechanics 踏板高度对自行车生物力学的影响
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-02-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.1.1
M. Hull, H. Gonzalez
{"title":"The Effect of Pedal Platform Height on Cycling Biomechanics","authors":"M. Hull, H. Gonzalez","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"Using a five-bar linkage model of the leg/bicycle system in conjunction with experimental kinematic and pedal force data, the inverse dynamics problem is solved to yield the intersegmental moments. Among the input data that affect the problem solution is the height of the pedal platform. This variable is isolated and its effects on the total joint moments are studied as it assumes values over a ±4-cm range. Platform height variation affects the total joint moment peak values by up to 13%. Relying on a cost function derived from the hip and knee moments, it is found that the platform height that minimizes the cost function is +2 cm. The sensitivity of the cost function to the platform height variable is low; over the variable range the cost function increases 2% above the minimum. These results hold for a pedaling rate of 90 rpm. As pedaling rate is varied above and below 90 rpm, the sensitivity of the cost function increases. The platform heights that minimize the cost function are the lower and upper lim...","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"390 1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133123129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
The Effect of Growth on Drag in Young Swimmers 生长对年轻游泳运动员阻力的影响
International journal of sport biomechanics Pub Date : 1990-02-01 DOI: 10.1123/IJSB.6.1.18
H. Toussaint, M. D. Looze, Bas Van Rossem, Marijke Leijdekkers, Hans Dignum
{"title":"The Effect of Growth on Drag in Young Swimmers","authors":"H. Toussaint, M. D. Looze, Bas Van Rossem, Marijke Leijdekkers, Hans Dignum","doi":"10.1123/IJSB.6.1.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSB.6.1.18","url":null,"abstract":"In this study the relationship between morphological data and active drag, as measured on the MAD system (system to measure active drag), and the effect of a 2.5-year period of growth was examined in a group of children (mean age at the start of the study, 12.9 years). During this period the children showed a mean increase in height from 1.52 to 1.69 m, and in weight from 40.0 to 54.7 kg. Also the body cross-sectional area (Ap), previously reported to relate strongly to drag in a group of adult swimmers, showed an increase in size of 16%. However, the drag did not change; the mean drag force for all subjects swimming at 1.25 m•s−1 was 30.1 N (±2.37) in 1985 and 30.8 N (±4.50) in 1988. The increase in height resulted in a decrease in the Froude Number (Fr) and hence in a decrease in wave-making resistance. Furthermore, form indices derived from ship-building technology demonstrated changes that indicated a more streamlined body form. Therefore it was concluded that during growth a complex process takes pla...","PeriodicalId":308877,"journal":{"name":"International journal of sport biomechanics","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130173807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 49
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