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Career Dynamics and Gender Gaps Among Employees in the Microfinance Sector 小额信贷行业雇员的职业动态和性别差距
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0009
Ina Ganguli, R. Hausmann, M. Viarengo
{"title":"Career Dynamics and Gender Gaps Among Employees in the Microfinance Sector","authors":"Ina Ganguli, R. Hausmann, M. Viarengo","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829591.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are commonly identified as empowering women and making them key actors in generating social change and economic development. Yet little is known about the gender parity among employees within the lending institutions themselves and how this can impact development. While MFIs are increasingly important as employers in the developing world, there is little micro-level evidence about gender differences among MFI employees and MFIs’ relation to economic development. We use a unique panel dataset of employees from Latin America’s largest MFI to show that gender gaps favouring men for promotion exist primarily in the sales division, while there is a significant gender wage gap in the administrative division. Among loan officers in the sales division, the gender gap in promotion and wages reverses. Finally, female employees tend to work with clients with better loan terms and a history of loans with the institution.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"295 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126019805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Climate Change and Economic Self-Interest 气候变化与经济自身利益
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198813248.003.0006
J. Nelson
{"title":"Climate Change and Economic Self-Interest","authors":"J. Nelson","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198813248.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198813248.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"In directing the Paris climate summit in 2015, Christiana Figueres, the UN climate chief, explicitly appealed to each country’s economic self-interest in her efforts to bring them to an agreement. This chapter discusses the use of self-interest rhetoric in discussions of climate change mitigation and adaptation. An outgrowth of the widespread influence of mainstream economic teaching, such rhetoric unnecessarily narrows the bounds of discussion in favor of entrenched power and entrenched analytical biases. Ignoring the evidence about what actually motivates people and nations, it unhelpfully discourages discussions of ethics and of commitment.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121953217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Individualism 个人主义
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190664190.003.0003
Serene J. Khader
{"title":"Individualism","authors":"Serene J. Khader","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190664190.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664190.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter argues that independence individualism, a form of individualism that is the object of decolonial feminist critique, is conceptually unnecessary for feminism, and in fact undermines transnational feminist praxis. Opposition to sexist oppression does not logically entail individualism. Adopting the specific form of individualism called “independence individualism,” which holds that individuals should be economically self-sufficient and that only chosen relationships are valuable is likely to worsen the gender division of labor and obscure the transition costs of feminist change. The perceived relationship between independence individualism and feminism is traceable to ideological assumptions that associate capitalism with liberation from tradition, and tradition with patriarchy. The concept of independence individualism is arrived at by examining the justificatory discourses behind ostensibly feminist policies that proclaim the value of the individual person while harming “other” women.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121958936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Realpolitik of Academic Freedom 学术自由的现实政治
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198791508.003.0005
John Protevi
{"title":"Realpolitik of Academic Freedom","authors":"John Protevi","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780198791508.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198791508.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter explores the academic freedom aspects of the case of Steven Salaita and the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (U.I.U.C.). After presenting the facts of the case, a sketch of the legal issues is provided. The chapter then outlines some elements of the history of academic freedom relative to extramural political speech, adding some remarks on what the Salaita case teaches us when seen through a realpolitik view of academic freedom. From this perspective, the success of claims to academic freedom depends on the force of individual legal actions and collective faculty pressure that are brought to bear against administrators and trustees. This chapter concludes with some speculations as to changes the Salaita case might bring to current practices of university administration relative to faculty extramural speech.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121601594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Regulatory Structures and Challenges to Developmental Extractives 发展中采掘业的监管结构和挑战
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198817369.003.0013
Toni Aubynn
{"title":"Regulatory Structures and Challenges to Developmental Extractives","authors":"Toni Aubynn","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198817369.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198817369.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"Ghana’s large natural resource endowment of various minerals as well as oil is well known. The country has been mining gold for over a century, ranking second in production in Africa, and has also undergone regulatory transformations resulting in significant improvement in the mining sector. This chapter seeks to share the experience of a regulator and offers some perspectives on the purpose, content, and challenges of the practical regulation of an extractives sector in a lower-middle-income economy. The chapter looks at both the design and content of a regulatory system and throws light on the practical challenges (technical and political) of implementation. In light of the increasing allure of resource nationalism in recent times, the chapter also takes a brief navigation into the manner in which relationships are established and maintained by the regulatory bodies with both large multinational and small artisanal mining operations.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121777291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Widowhood 守寡
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190638818.003.0007
Nathanael Andrade
{"title":"Widowhood","authors":"Nathanael Andrade","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190638818.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190638818.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"In late 267 or early 268, Zenobia’s husband Odainath was assassinated. Who killed him and why is controversial. Many theories have been proposed, but none can be said to be conclusive. Some sources implicate disgruntled Palmyrenes, often a relative. One even points the finger at Zenobia. Other sources suggest the involvement of the emperor Gallienus’s staff. Both Palmyrenes and Gallienus’s court were probably involved. What is more certain is that Zenobia had to ensure that her husband received a proper burial. This chapter also narrates the arrangements that Zenobia made for Odainath’s funeral. Zenobia had her husband’s corpse prepared, gave him a public burial involving processions and solemn rituals, and likely laid him to rest in a temple tomb.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115871941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Velvet Revolutions and the Thorny Paths of Transition 天鹅绒革命和过渡的荆棘之路
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198829607.003.0004
Balázs Trencsényi, M. Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, M. Janowski
{"title":"Velvet Revolutions and the Thorny Paths of Transition","authors":"Balázs Trencsényi, M. Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, M. Janowski","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198829607.003.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198829607.003.0004","url":null,"abstract":"The “velvet” and not so “velvet” revolutions of 1989 triggered fervent discussions on the nature of the postcommunist political system. The paradigm of transitology provided the dominant framework for these debates, while civil society remained a key concept, even though it became increasingly contested by the neoliberals and neoconservatives, as well as by the “new left.” The seemingly dominant, although never uncontested, “liberal consensus” of the early 1990s became challenged by a new wave of conservativism which showed continuities with pre-1945 traditions. In this context, the heritage of communism and Nazism was addressed by different political actors and institutions focusing on memory politics, contributing to the polarization of the ideological field. The churches too gained political importance in the search for sources of authority, but they were also criticized because of their subservience to the state socialist regime before 1989 and for reverting to a conservative nationalist vision after the changes.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131454675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Uncovering Causal Powers 揭示因果能力
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198733669.003.0025
R. Anjum, S. Mumford
{"title":"Uncovering Causal Powers","authors":"R. Anjum, S. Mumford","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198733669.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198733669.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Science concerns not only discovery about the world but also has an application and allows us to change the world through technology. Technology can be understood in terms of uncovering causal powers and using them. Powers are thus the grounds of real possibility that are to be used in technological development. Not all such powers are naturally occurring, however, and some of them are created by us. Even with naturally occurring powers, it still often requires some technology to unleash it. There is a complex relationship between artefacts and functions. The question of how a thing’s function can be separated from its other, ‘accidental’ properties seems in many cases to rely essentially on our interests.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131999292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Late State Socialism: Consolidation, Legitimization, and Reform from Above 晚期国家社会主义:巩固、合法化和自上而下的改革
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/OSO/9780198829607.003.0001
Balázs Trencsényi, M. Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, M. Janowski
{"title":"Late State Socialism: Consolidation, Legitimization, and Reform from Above","authors":"Balázs Trencsényi, M. Kopeček, Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič, Maria Falina, Mónika Baár, M. Janowski","doi":"10.1093/OSO/9780198829607.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OSO/9780198829607.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"Seeking to consolidate the state socialist framework of government, individual regimes developed, in dialogue with social scientific research, peculiar disciplines of state socialist governance and authoritarian socio-technics. With the help of political economy, socialist jurisprudence, political sociology, or “prognostics,” late socialist regimes tried hard to stabilize their rule. At the same time, knowledge production catalyzed from above gave rise to a critical potential that caused a majority of the experts to endorse wholeheartedly first perestroika and glasnost coming from the Soviet Union and later also the radical break with the state socialist political system. Another effort to boost the failing legitimacy of the regime was a reconfiguration of national communism. Whereas the earlier, “liberalizing” variant was turning to the liberal nationalist tradition for inspiration, linking the cause of individual and national liberty, the later, “homogenizing” version drew more on the romantic nationalist identification of the ethnic Other as the oppressor.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132219154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Theoretical Perspectives Guiding the Development and Evaluation of CTC 指导CTC发展与评价的理论视角
Oxford Scholarship Online Pub Date : 2018-11-22 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0002
A. Fagan, J. Hawkins, R. Catalano, D. Farrington
{"title":"Theoretical Perspectives Guiding the Development and Evaluation of CTC","authors":"A. Fagan, J. Hawkins, R. Catalano, D. Farrington","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190299217.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Prevention science recommends that EBIs should be based on theories that describe the causes of behavioral health problems. They should also be evaluated in high-quality research studies that examine implementation and outcomes both under ideal conditions, like scientist-led efficacy trials, and naturalistic conditions, such as effectiveness trials that rely on community agencies and staff. This chapter reviews the theories guiding the development of the CTC system, including life-course developmental theory, the Social Development Model, social disorganization theory, and the Diffusion of Innovations theory. CTC has been created and evaluated using a community-based participatory approach. The benefits and challenges of this approach are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":308769,"journal":{"name":"Oxford Scholarship Online","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132231265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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