Annals of Tropical Pathology最新文献

{"title":"Molecular identification of Onchocerca species among residents of benue and cross River States, Nigeria, Using Known Microsatellites and Mitochondrial DNA","authors":"O. Ikani, Agada Samuel, Amechi Joy, K. Onyekwelu, Akighir John, E. Ogbonna","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_15_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_15_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Human onchocerciasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus and is transmitted by the species Simulium damnosum. Currently, onchocerciasis is estimated to have infected over 37million people in tropical Africa, Yemen and Latin America, resulting in a debilitating eye and skin disease in more than 5million people with over 1.2 million cases of visual impairment or blindness. Also, an estimate of about 120 million people is at risk of contracting the disease due to the breeding habit of the vector. Community-directed ivermectin administration has greatly reduced the infection burden in different parts of the world but they are persistent cases of onchocerciasis infection in Benue and Cross River States, Nigeria due to the terrain, relapse/poor ivermectin coverage, and COVID-19 outbreak. Aims and Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of onchocerciasis in these localities, this study reported the use of mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite markers for molecular identification studies of Onchocerca species amongst residents of Benue and Cross River State, Nigeria. Materials and Method: Three hundred (300) patients from Benue and Cross River State, Nigeria, 150 patients each from both states were screened using SD Bioline onchocerciasis test strip from South Korea with batch no: 61ADE002B for the detection of IgG4 antibodies against Ov16 in onchocerciasis. 25 were positive from Cross River State and 20 from Benue state. Six (6) from each state were sent for DNA extraction and PCR amplification (L1-6=Benue State, L6-12= Cross River) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COXI) genes using HC02198: 5'-TAAACTTCAGGGTGACCAAAAAATCA-3' primers and the primers of the respective microsatellites; (GT)AT(GT)AT(GT)10, (GT)GC(GT)10, (CAG)2(CAA)10(CAG), and (GT)11TT(GT). Results: The results showed amplification of COX 1 subunit of the mtDNA of onchocerca volvulus at 344bp DNA sequence and amplification of (GT)AT(GT)AT(GT)10 microsatellites at 193bp, (GT)GC(GT)10 at 180bp, (CAG)2(CAA)10(CAG) at 209bp, and (GT)11TT(GT) 195bp respectively. Conclusion: This study clearly showed that active transmission of human onchocerciasis infection is still ongoing in Wanikade and Igede communities of Benue and Cross River State as evident by the skin lesions and depigmentation presented by a 55 years old woman and the molecular parasitological evidence of the incidence Onchocerca volvulus using the parasites' genetic materials. Therefore, we recommend intensifying community-directed ivermectin intervention in these states.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122432115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumor – A systemic review literature","authors":"Debajani Deka, Md Faizzal, Bipul Das","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_5_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_5_22","url":null,"abstract":"Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal. They arise most commonly from the stomach or small intestine, with a median age of 60 years. We did not find any relationship between GIST and ABO blood group and Rh factor. Mutations in KIT exon 11 are found to be more common in larger tumors, and the presence of this mutation has been shown to have an adverse prognostic influence. Deletions compared with point mutations in exon 11 have also been found to be a significant unfavorable factor in patients with gastric GISTs. The study group includes all cases of GIST and extra-GIST. Review literatures were taken from Internet Google search and some websites of high index journals. The data extruded mainly were sites of the gastrointestinal tract, histological types, different immunohistochemical markers, etc., Stomach is the most common site of GIST around 70%. Spindle cell is the most common histological variety; CD117 is frequently found immunohistochemical finding. From the abovementioned results, we can easily come to the diagnosis of specific type of GIST and its respective therapeutic measures.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122147034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 overexpression in endometrial carcinomas at a tertiary center in Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Segun Odetola, M. Ajani, I. Nwanji, A. Salami, C. Okolo","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_6_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_6_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Endometrial cancer is the third most common gynecological malignancy, following cervical and ovarian malignancies. Prognosis among the women of African origin is, however, worse as they tend to have high-grade tumors and late presentation. Close to 50% of high-grade endometrial cancers show human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) overexpression and may thus benefit from targeted treatment. Aims: This study aimed to determine the overexpression status of HER2 protein among the cases of endometrial carcinoma. Materials and Methods: All cases of histologically diagnosed endometrial carcinoma from January 2007 to December 2016 were retrieved from the files and records of department of pathology in our hospital. Cases were classified and graded according to the World Health Organization (2014 version) classification of endometrial carcinoma followed by immunohistochemical staining for HER2 overexpression. Results: There were a total of 51 cases of endometrial carcinoma that met the inclusion criteria during the study. The mean age of patients was 63 years. As a group, nonendometrioid carcinomas predominated (55%). The majority (70%) of cases showed high-grade histological morphology. Positive Her2/Neu expression was seen in 11 cases (22%) of endometrial carcinoma. There was no statistically significant association between hormone expression status and age, histological variant, or grade. Conclusion: Endometrial carcinomas among Nigerian women are predominantly nonendometroid and high grade. HER2 overexpression was seen in a fifth of cases. Future studies should explore the response of targeted therapy among Nigerian patients showing HER2 overexpression.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133807483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rhinoscleroma: A report of three cases with unusual headache presentation and literature review","authors":"M. Samaila, Harrison Lawan, I. Rimamskep","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_24_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_24_21","url":null,"abstract":"Rhinoscleroma is a rare endemic disease in low socioeconomic settings characterized by nasal growth, nasal blockage, and epistaxis. The causative organism is not an usual nasal commensal, and diagnosis is often delayed. Characteristic Mikulicz cells should be visualized microscopically for definitive diagnosis. We present our experience of rhinoscleroma with unusual presentation of severe headache and orbital mass in three patients over an 11-year period in the pathology laboratory of a tertiary hospital.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"67 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131799569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comparative study of factor VIII levels in fresh-frozen plasma from whole blood stored at varying temperatures and durations","authors":"A. Ogbenna, K. Oyewole, T. Adeyemo, Fikewa Oyedele, Dorcas Oyelaran","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_17_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_17_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In Nigeria, fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) is an important plasma product to provide coagulation factors such as factor VIII (FVIII) in patients with FVIII deficiency and is still the only product available for the treatment of hemophilia A and B in some countries where recombinant factor concentrate is not available. FVIII is a labile coagulation factor and a quality marker of fresh-frozen plasma. In this study, we assessed the effect of storage temperature and time on FVIII yield. Methods: This was a descriptive-analytical study of a random selection of 136 blood donors, randomly divided into four groups. Whole blood (WB) was collected into 450 ml of blood bag from each participant and an additional 4.5 ml was collected into citrated bottle containing 0.5 ml citrate for baseline FVIII assay. WB from donors in Group A and Group B were stored at 20°C–24°C for 6 h or less and 12 h, respectively, while Group C and Group D were stored at 4°C for 12 h and 24 h, respectively. FFP was prepared from the WB after storage and FVIII levels were determined using Sysmex CA-101 based on the principle of turbo-densitometry principle with automatic zero adjustment and magnetic stir bar for homogenizing the test suspension and for increased sensitivity. The level of FVIII in FFP produced at various storage conditions was determined. Percentage yield was calculated as median level of FVIII in FFP per group/median level of FVIII in citrated plasma per group ×100. This is the proportion of FVIII in FFP relative to the level at baseline in the donor unit, whereas the FVIII level is an indication of just the level in the produced FFP. Results: The median FVIII level in FFP from Group A and B was 0.87 IU/ml and 0.82 IU/ml, respectively. Similarly, the median for Group C and D were 0.86 IU/ml and 0.76 IU/ml, respectively. The highest yield was observed in FFP prepared within 6 h or less of blood sample collection and least yield after 24 h of storage at 4°C. Conclusion: The yield of FVIII produced from WB under the varying temperatures and durations of storage studied is above the recommended level of 0.7 IU/ml; hence will be effective for replacement therapy in hemophiliacs. However, the best yield is obtainable from WB stored at 20°C–24°C for 6 h.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"106 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132289747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunohistochemical study of the role of human papillomavirus, epstein–barr virus, and P16INK4a expression in head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas","authors":"B. Duduyemi, E. Aboagye","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_7_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_7_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Studies over the years have established that human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) are major etiological agents in subsets of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). This study further explores the concurrence of HPV and EBV together with P16INK4a expression in HNSCCs, providing additional insights into their unique role in establishing a virus-induced carcinogenesis. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study utilizing immunohistochemistry was employed to establish the presence of HPV, EBV, and P16INK4a expression in HNSCC archived tissue samples. Results: A total of 121 selected HNSCC cases were included in the study, with male preponderance (n = 86) and majority of the cases occurring in patients ≤54 (n = 62). The most common site of occurrence was the oral cavity (n = 29), followed by larynx (n = 27) and nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses (n = 24), respectively. The study recorded 18 (14.9%) HPV-positive tumors, 7 (5.8%) EBV-positive tumors, and 2 (1.7%) tumors coinfected with HPV and EBV. P16INK4a expression was recorded in 42.1% (n = 51) of the tumors. Although P16INK4a expression correlated weakly with both HPV (r = 0.116) and EBV (r = 0.205) positivity, it showed a statistically significant expression with EBV positivity (P = 0.024). Conclusion: The observed pattern of HPV association with P16INK4a overexpression was consistent with earlier reported studies, and as such, the study reinforces the assertion that P16INK4a can be used as a surrogate marker for HPV-positive tumors. However, additional studies are required to validate its suitability in tumor sites other than oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129154936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between some haematological parameters with length of stay and outcome in the intensive care unit of a tertiary health facility in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria","authors":"R. Dachi, S. Awwalu, S. Yuguda, I. Ibrahim, Yusuf Rasheed, ElizabethNwasor Ogboli","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_8_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_8_21","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Intensive care units (ICUs) are reserved for critically ill patients that need specialist medical care with close and constant attention provided. Patients admitted into ICUs could have myriads of hematological abnormalities some of which have direct bearing on disease severity and outcome. There is a paucity of data on the relationship between hematological parameters of ICU patients and length of ICU stay as well as outcome in our environment, hence the need for this study. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective observational one, in which patients that are ≥18 years of age and had no blood transfusion within 24 h before ICU admission into the ICU of Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, were recruited over a 3-month period from March 1, 2018 to May 31, 2018. Participants' sociodemographic characteristics, indications for admission, and some hematological parameters were assessed. Length of stay and outcome were also determined. Venous blood was collected from the patients for the determination of full blood count. Data were collated and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0. Level of statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: Thirty-nine participants were enrolled into the study with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 32.7 ± 15.8 years. Females constituted 21/39 (53.8%) of the participants. The mean ± SD hematocrit (HCT) and blood cell count (WBC) were 28.1% ± 6.1% and 11.5 ± 4.3 (× 109/L), respectively, whereas the median (interquartile range [IQR]) platelet (PLT) count was 125.5 ± 82.4 (× 109/L). There was a positive, moderately strong, and statistically significant correlation between the duration of stay in ICU with WBC count. There were statistically significant differences in HCT, PLT, and WBC across categories of indication for admission into ICU (obstetrics complications, medical conditions, orthopedics/trauma, postoperative cases, and burns). The median (IQR) duration of ICU stay (days) in this study was 3.8 (1.9) days, and 18/39 (46.2%) were discharged home directly from the ICU. Conclusion: Anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia are common and vary according to the indications for admission and are associated with duration of stay and outcome in patients admitted into ICU in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133821442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microscopic assessments of the effect of phoenix dactylifera L. in a rat model of mercury-triggered cerebral M1 changes","authors":"A. Agbon, H. Kwanashie, W. Hamman, A. Ibegbu, H. Sule, M. Yahaya, Rachael Henry, A. Ivang","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_3_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_3_21","url":null,"abstract":"Context: Mercury is a widespread environmental and industrial pollutant that exerts toxic effects on vital organs. The cerebrum, composed of cortical areas such as the primary motor cortex (M1), is a vulnerable target of mercury toxicity within the central nervous system. Phoenix dactylifera is used in folk medicine to treat diverse disorders, such as loss of consciousness, memory disturbances, and nervous disorders. Aim: This study microscopically evaluated the neuroprotective effect of aqueous fruit pulp extract of P. dactylifera (AFPD) on mercury-triggered M1 changes in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-four Wistar rats were divided into six groups (I–VI; n = 4). Group I was administered distilled water (2 ml/kg); Group II administered mercuric chloride (MCL, 5 mg/kg); Group III administered Vitamin C (100 mg/kg) + MCL (5 mg/kg); Groups IV, V, and VI were administered AFPD (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg, respectively) followed by MCL (5 mg/kg). Neuroprotective property was evaluated by microscopic assessment of M1 region applying histological techniques and analysis of histometric features of M1 neurons. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test were used. Results: Microscopic examination of MCL-treated cerebral sections revealed M1 histoarchitectural distortion and neurodegenerative changes such as pyknosis, neuronal shrinkage, chromatolysis, loss of pyramidal neurites, and altered Nissl substance reactivity, relative to the control. Administration of AFPD remarkably ameliorated MCL-triggered M1 changes, especially at dose 500 mg/kg with neuroprotective property comparable to the reference drug, Vitamin C. Conclusion: AFPD is potentially efficacious in ameliorating mercury-triggered microscopic alterations in M1 region of Wistar rats. The neuroprotective property of AFPD could be attributed to antioxidant properties of constituent phytochemicals.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115753794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The hemotological profile in COVID-19 infection: A mini-review","authors":"O. Kalejaiye, B. Duduyemi","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_5_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_5_21","url":null,"abstract":"The report of clusters of pneumonia-like cases in Wuhan, China, on December 31, 2019, began a tumultuous cascade of health, social, and economic disruptions globally. Consequently, this resulted in the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, described as one of the most lethal pandemics the world has had to face. Several aspects of infection and its implications on different organ systems have been reported in formal literature, with more studies generated daily. Although the infection is reported to be dominantly respiratory, it may result in multisystem dysfunction. In this review, we discuss the hematological abnormalities induced by COVID-19 infection. These findings could contribute to a better understanding of the disease pathophysiology and ultimately guide in prognostication, guide assessment, monitoring, and treatment approaches and help develop targeted adjuvant therapies.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131000347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pattern of pseudomonas aeruginosa infection among Northwestern Nigerians with chronic suppurative otitis media","authors":"A. Ajiya, I. Shuaibu, Auwal Adamu, H. Abdullahi, A. Ahmed, S. Adebola, A. Kirfi, U. Aminu","doi":"10.4103/atp.atp_14_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/atp.atp_14_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been particularly blamed for the deep-seated and progressive destruction of the middle ear and mastoid structure through its toxins and enzymes. Drug-resistant P. aeruginosa has been found to increase along with its frequency. Aim: This study aimed to assess the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of P. aeruginosa and the effectiveness of ciprofloxacin in chronically discharging ears. Patients and Methods: This was a retrospective review of 180 patients who were managed for chronic suppurative otitis media between January 2009 and December 2018. Results: Out of the 180 patients, majority 67 (37%) were in the age group 1–10 years, range of 1 month to 70 years with mean age of 18 years and standard deviation of ± 16.8 years and M: F of 1.5:1. Most have had ear discharge for more than 6 months and the majority 78 (43.4%) of the patients had bilateral disease. Central tympanic membrane perforation was the predominant finding, 81 (45.0%) with a complication rate of 21.1%. Abscess formation was the most common complication seen among the patients. P. aeruginosa was the most common bacterial isolate, 43 (23.9%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus, 39 (21.7%). In the pediatric population, P. aeruginosa was most sensitive to levofloxacin, as opposed to gentamicin in the adult population. Ciprofloxacin was seen to be more effective in adults than in children. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was seen more in the children than in adults. There was a significant association between gender and occurrence of the organism. Conclusion: P. aeruginosa is most sensitive to levofloxacin and gentamicin in the pediatric and adult population, respectively. Resistance to ciprofloxacin is most common among adults.","PeriodicalId":307224,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Tropical Pathology","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123805128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}