Lipu Sun , Nan Chen , Yifan Li , Jianing Tian , Binbin Yang , Ziyi Chen , Nuo Chen , Feng Wu , Yuejiao Li , Renjie Chen
{"title":"Strong association dual lithium salts for ether-based electrolyte enable 4.5 V high-voltage lithium metal battery","authors":"Lipu Sun , Nan Chen , Yifan Li , Jianing Tian , Binbin Yang , Ziyi Chen , Nuo Chen , Feng Wu , Yuejiao Li , Renjie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104264","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104264","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve a battery system with an high energy density, it is crucial to utilize a highly reversible lithium metal anode and a high-voltage cathode. However, conventional electrolytes usually exhibit insufficient thermodynamic stability, leading to aggressive lithium dendrites growth and severe cathode-electrolyte reactions, particularly at high voltage (≥ 4.5 V vs. Li/Li<sup>+</sup>). Herein, we propose a design strategy for a strong association electrolyte (SAE) that reduces Li<sup>+</sup>-solvent coordination number, facilitating the formation of ion pairs or ion clusters, even with conventional lithium salt concentrations (1 M). Lithium salts with high cluster formation constant (K<sub>A</sub>), such as lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP) and lithium nitrate (LiNO<sub>3</sub>), create an SAE with anion-dominated solvation structure, which promotes the formation of aggregates (AGGs) solvate species. This unique solvation structure facilitates the formation of a dense, inorgain rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium metal anode. Additionally, the preferential adsorption of anion clusters at the cathode interface constructs a Li<sup>+</sup>-anions enriched double electric layer (EDL), stabilizing the LiNi<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.1</sub>Mn<sub>0.1</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (NCM811) interface. The Li||NCM811 batteries with a 4.5 V high cut-off voltage achieved stable cycling over 1400 cycles with a capacity retention rate of 84 %. Furthermore, 2.5 Ah pouch cells demonstrate superior cycle performance at 4.3 V cut-off voltage and 0.6 A/3 A charge/discharge currents. These findings present a straightforward electrolyte design strategy that contrasts with conventional approaches, which typically rely on increasing salt concentration or introducing complex additives, to promote the practical applications of high energy density lithium metal batteries (LMBs).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104264"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yifan Gao , Weiyin Chen , Jin-Sung Park , Hui Xu , Tao Dai , Xia Huang , Ju Li
{"title":"Thick electrodes for electrochemical relithiation to regenerate spent battery powder","authors":"Yifan Gao , Weiyin Chen , Jin-Sung Park , Hui Xu , Tao Dai , Xia Huang , Ju Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104269","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104269","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing use of lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO<sub>4</sub>, LFP) batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage systems highlights the urgent need for efficient and sustainable recycling methods. Direct recovery technologies show promise but often require supplementary lithium chemicals. This study introduces a thick electrode system for the electrochemical relithiation of spent LFP battery powder, utilizing residual lithium from low-grade Black Mass. Unlike previous regeneration techniques, this method eliminates the need for external lithium sources beyond the spent battery powder and the minimal amount of aqueous electrolyte. Our approach overcomes the limitations of traditional electrochemical relithiation by directly processing the spent battery powder without binder, enhancing both industrial scalability and processing capacity. The thick electrode system significantly improves powder recovery capacity, achieving 405 g h<sup>−1</sup> m<sup>−2</sup> with low energy consumption (9.3 kWh t<sup>−1</sup>), and demonstrates excellent performance subsequently. Ecological and economic assessments reveal considerable reductions in the recycling cost and environmental impact.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104269"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eunbin Park , Young-Hoon Lee , Sung-Ho Huh , June Huh , Yung-Eun Sung , Seung-Ho Yu
{"title":"Bifunctional trimethylsilyl-modified fluorinated ester additive for LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase in lithium metal batteries","authors":"Eunbin Park , Young-Hoon Lee , Sung-Ho Huh , June Huh , Yung-Eun Sung , Seung-Ho Yu","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104271","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104271","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lithium metal batteries are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for next-generation energy storage systems due to their high energy density. However, challenges such as lithium dendrite growth and poor cycling stability limit their practical application. Recent efforts focus on electrolyte additives to stabilize interphases and improve battery performance. In this study, we investigate the effect of a bifunctional additive, trimethylsilyl 2,2-difluoro-2-(fluorosulfonyl)acetate (TDFA), on lithium metal batteries, with a focus on its role in promoting uniform lithium deposition and enhancing interfacial stability. Surface analysis shows that the additive forms a LiF-rich solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer, which is chemically stable and mechanically robust. Li/Li symmetric cells demonstrate that TDFA significantly reduces nucleation overpotential, suppresses dendrite formation, and extends cycling life over 500 h at 1 mA cm<sup>-2</sup> for 1 mAh cm<sup>-2</sup>. In Li/LFP cells, TDFA improves capacity retention to 89.4 % after 300 cycles, with reduced polarization and enhanced rate performance. Additionally, XPS depth profiling confirms an F-rich cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) layer that mitigates crack formation on cathode and enhances cell durability. These findings suggest TDFA could play a critical role in advancing lithium metal batteries, offering enhanced electrochemical performance and long-term stability through improved SEI and CEI layer formation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104271"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Xingxiu Yang , Long Zhang , Jinyao Zhu , Lequan Wang , Yixiang Zhang , Zhimin Zhai , Junming Kang , Yizhen Shao , Jiajia Zhang , Xianfu Zhang , Jia Guo , Yanglong Hou , Hongbin Lu
{"title":"Lewis acid-base effect and protonation in electrolyte engineering enable shuttle-free, dendrite-free, and HER-free aqueous Zn-I2 batteries","authors":"Xingxiu Yang , Long Zhang , Jinyao Zhu , Lequan Wang , Yixiang Zhang , Zhimin Zhai , Junming Kang , Yizhen Shao , Jiajia Zhang , Xianfu Zhang , Jia Guo , Yanglong Hou , Hongbin Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104268","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104268","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrolyte engineering has emerged as a facile and efficient strategy to solve side reactions in aqueous Zn-I<sub>2</sub> batteries. However, most of these solutions usually ignore the simultaneous modulation of the cathode and anode. Here, a multifunctional electrolyte additive, pyridoxine (VB6), enables simultaneous regulation of the anode and cathode in Zn-I<sub>2</sub> batteries. For the cathode, VB6 preferentially coordinates with <span><math><msup><mrow><mi>I</mi></mrow><mo>−</mo></msup></math></span> ions through Lewis acid-base effect, thereby suppressing the generation of polyiodides and the shuttle effect. For the anode, VB6 can not only significantly restrain the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the pH fluctuation of the electrolyte through protonation, but also promote the fast de-solvation of Zn<sup>2+</sup> and regulate the Zn deposition benefiting from its structure with multi‑hydroxyl groups. Due to the synergistic effect of VB6, the modified symmetric Zn||Zn cell achieves a remarkable Coulombic efficiency (99.7 %) over 1600 h and excellent cycling stability (2100 h). Most intriguingly, the Zn-I<sub>2</sub> cell exhibits an ultra-long lifespan of 50,000 cycles (> 6 months) at 2 A g<sup>-1</sup> with an exceptional capacity retention of 84.3 %. Even without pressurized equipment, the Zn-I<sub>2</sub> pouch cell with VB6 still maintains prominent performance (76.5 % capacity after 450 cycles) without swelling.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104268"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jin Kyo Koo , Jaejin Lim , Jeongmin Shin , Jae Kwon Seo , Chaeyeon Ha , Weerawat To A Ran , Jung-Hun Lee , Yewon Kwon , Yong Min Lee , Young-Jun Kim
{"title":"Dry-processed ultra-high-energy cathodes (99.6wt%, 4.0 g cm−3) using single-crystalline Ni-rich oxides","authors":"Jin Kyo Koo , Jaejin Lim , Jeongmin Shin , Jae Kwon Seo , Chaeyeon Ha , Weerawat To A Ran , Jung-Hun Lee , Yewon Kwon , Yong Min Lee , Young-Jun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As the electric vehicle market rapidly expands as an eco-friendly means of transportation, there is a growing demand for innovative manufacturing processes that achieve high energy density while being environmentally sustainable and energy-efficient. To address these challenges, we developed a cathode using a solvent-free electrode process with single-crystalline LiNi<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.15</sub>Al<sub>0.05</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (SC<img>NCA), renowned for its mechanical robustness and high specific capacity. This process involves conformal layers of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on SC<img>NCA particles, resulting in superior Li<sup>+</sup>/electronic conductivity along with a cathode active-material ratio of 99.6 wt. %, electrode density of 4.0 g cm<sup>−3</sup>, and volumetric capacity of 835 mAh cm<sup>−3</sup>. Furthermore, the 3D digital twin analysis of the dry electrode elucidated the key features responsible for its outstanding electrochemical performance with remarkable clarity. This novel combination of CNT wrapping with solvent-free electrode processing not only increases the energy density but also improves the industrial feasibility of solvent-free electrodes for commercial LIBs application.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104270"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Chao-Fan Wan , Zhong-Hui Shen , Jian-Yong Jiang , Jie Shen , Yang Shen , Ce-Wen Nan
{"title":"Machine learning-accelerated discovery of polyimide derivatives for high-temperature electrostatic energy storage","authors":"Chao-Fan Wan , Zhong-Hui Shen , Jian-Yong Jiang , Jie Shen , Yang Shen , Ce-Wen Nan","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104266","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104266","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Molecular engineering of polyimide (PI) has been an effective method for achieving high-performance polymer dielectrics with both good energy storage capability and enhanced thermal stability. However, the rational design of PI derivatives on demand remains a great challenge due to the complex and nonlinear structure-property relationships. To address this challenge, we developed an integrated framework that combines theoretical calculations, advanced molecular descriptors, and machine learning models to study the effect of molecular structures on five key properties of energy gap (<em>E</em><sub>g</sub>), lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), dielectric constant (<em>D</em><sub>k</sub>), fractional free volume (FFV) and glass transition temperature (<em>T</em><sub>g</sub>). By employing Artificial Neural Network (ANN), the framework captured nonlinear dependencies between molecular structures and five properties, achieving the prediction accuracy of <em>R</em><sup>2</sup> > 0.90, far surpassing traditional linear models. Using a multi-objective optimization strategy to screen over 200,000 polyimide derivatives, eight optimal molecules with superior properties (e.g., <em>E</em><sub>g</sub> > 4.0 eV, <em>T</em><sub>g</sub> > 300 °C, and <em>D</em><sub>k</sub> > 3.3) were discovered with great potential for applications in high-temperature electrostatic energy storage. This study provides a robust, data-driven approach for multi-property optimization, bridging theoretical insights with machine learning to accelerate the design of advanced polymer dielectrics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104266"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lina Zhao , Shangyi Bi , Junyi Li , Yuhao Wen , Hongjian Zhang , Dan Zhang , Shanshan Lu , PeiPei Yin , Fanian Shi , Jie Yan , Shanshan Pan , Haitao Zhang
{"title":"Prussian blue analogues for advanced non-aqueous sodium ion batteries: Redox mechanisms, key challenges and modification strategies","authors":"Lina Zhao , Shangyi Bi , Junyi Li , Yuhao Wen , Hongjian Zhang , Dan Zhang , Shanshan Lu , PeiPei Yin , Fanian Shi , Jie Yan , Shanshan Pan , Haitao Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104256","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104256","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The increasing demand for sustainable energy storage solutions has driven significant advancements in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which offer a cost-effective and resource-abundant alternative to lithium-ion batteries. Among various cathode materials, Prussian Blue Analogues (PBAs) have emerged as promising candidates due to their unique open-framework structures, high theoretical capacities, and eco-friendly synthesis methods. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in PBAs for SIBs, focusing on the intricate relationships between their crystal structures, sodium-ion storage mechanisms, and electrochemical performance. Key challenges, such as structural defects, crystalline water content, low reaction kinetics, and the Jahn-Teller effect, are critically examined alongside failure mechanisms that impact long-term cycling stability. Advanced modification strategies, including vacancy control, water content optimization, surface/interface engineering, and compositional tuning, are discussed to address these issues. Furthermore, this paper highlights innovative approaches such as high-entropy strategies, heterostructure design, and electrolyte optimization to enhance the stability, conductivity, and rate capability of PBAs. By providing up-to-date insights and proposing future research directions, this review aims to advance the practical implementation of PBAs in next-generation SIBs with improved performance and commercial viability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104256"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
You Zhou , Yuhan Li , Xinyu Liu , Junhao Lv , Yaqiong Su , Ling Weng
{"title":"Constructing dynamic supramolecular electrolyte with high fluorine and self-healing via phase-locking strategy using in quasi-solid-state lithium-metal batteries","authors":"You Zhou , Yuhan Li , Xinyu Liu , Junhao Lv , Yaqiong Su , Ling Weng","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104265","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104265","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Quasi-solid-state lithium metal batteries are considered as improved safety and high theoretical capacity storage devices, still suffer from unsatisfactory electrochemical performance due to incompatible electrolyte-electrodes interface, inhomogeneous and insufficient ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte. Herein, we construct a stretchable, self-healing, high fluorine quasi‑solid‑state polymer electrolyte under recombination originating from multiple dynamic bonds and phase-locking strategy in the unique dynamic supramolecular structure. C-F bond and benzene ring locking in hard phase not only improves the thermal stability of electrolyte system, but also contributes to the formation of beneficial fluorine-containing interface layer. C=O bonds in the soft phase of supramolecular facilitates the coupling and migration of chain segments to Li<sup>+</sup>, increasing the transport efficiency of Li<sup>+</sup>. Lithium-ion transport networks are established via abundant -CH<sub>2</sub>-O-CH<sub>2</sub>- in the soft phase and ensures uniform transport of Li<sup>+</sup> in the microregion. Multiple hydrogen bonds are constructed between hard phase and hard phase that endow the elastomers system with self-healing ability, high tensile strength and strongly stretchable. Fluorine-containing hydrogen bonds induce uniform distribution of charges and accelerating the ions migration at the electrolyte/electrode interface. Benefiting from the improvements in electrolytes, a high capacity and safety of quasi-solid-state lithium metal battery could be achieved.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104265"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143849456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Specific adsorption effect induces differential deposition structures to achieve 2-year stable cycling of zinc metal anodes","authors":"Changchun Fan , Jun Han , Diansen Li , Lei Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104249","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104249","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The High reactivity of zinc metal anodes (ZMA) in aqueous solutions leads to dendrite growth and side reactions, greatly hindering their commercialization. Introducing a trace amount of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide into the electrolyte forms a dual-ion specific adsorption layer. This adsorption layer creates a H<sub>2</sub>O-poor Helmholtz layer, effectively preventing side reactions between active water dipoles and ZMA, and accelerating the flux and diffusion of Zn<sup>2+</sup> at the anode-electrolyte interface, reducing electrochemical polarization. Additionally, I<sup>-</sup> plays a decisive role in the nucleation and growth of Zn, selectively controlling the direction of zinc deposition according to the differences in the cycling system. The adjustable deposition direction avoids lattice distortion caused by Zn(002) or dendrite growth caused by Zn(101). Therefore, Zn//Cu and Zn//Zn batteries have a record Coulombic efficiency (99.95 %) and cycle life (19,000 h, over 2 years). Characterization techniques such as synchrotron radiation, multiphysics field simulations and density functional theory calculations are used to validate the stability enhancement mechanism. This work provides a reference for achieving efficient and stable ZMA. Additionally, the simple method for separating and recycling high-value BMIMI from waste electrolytes is of significant importance for green and sustainable chemistry.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104249"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143845302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhuoying Cheng , Huiying Yu , Yichen Ke , Dianxue Cao , Jun Yan , Yingying Zhao , Kai Zhu
{"title":"Built-in electric field-driven stress dissipation in multifaceted Bi₂S₃/Bi₂Te₃ heterostructures for sodium-ion batteries","authors":"Zhuoying Cheng , Huiying Yu , Yichen Ke , Dianxue Cao , Jun Yan , Yingying Zhao , Kai Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104262","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104262","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) hold great promise for large-scale grid energy storage, but their development is hindered by electrode pulverization induced by excessive volume changes and strain accumulation during long-term cycling. Herein, we present a capable strategy to address these challenges by integrating built-in electric fields (BIEFs) across multiple interfaces and cross-linked internal structure to enhance ultrafast Na<sup>+</sup> kinetics and alleviate internal strain. Using Bi<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>Te<sub>3</sub> heterostructures as a model system, we demonstrate that the synergistic effects of micro-scale BIEFs and macro-scale cross-linked architectures efficiently disperse internal stresses in multiple directions. Multi-physics simulation and experimental results reveal the ability of this design to stabilize conversion-type anodes, achieving a remarkable rate capability of 575 mAh g<sup>−1</sup> at a current density of 5.0 A g<sup>−1</sup> with an impressive long-term cycling stability exceeding 3000 cycles. This work highlights a versatile approach to strain management, paving the way for the design of durable and high-performance conversion-type anodes for sodium-ion batteries.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":306,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage Materials","volume":"78 ","pages":"Article 104262"},"PeriodicalIF":18.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143841733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}