ABE Architecture and the Built Environment最新文献

{"title":"From Dispersed Urban Areas to Territories- in-between","authors":"A. Wandl","doi":"10.7480/ABE.2019.14.4338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.2019.14.4338","url":null,"abstract":"The dissertation began with the observation that there is an increasing body of literature suggesting that the conventional idea of a gradual transition in spatial structure from urban to rural does not properly reflect contemporary patterns of urban development and their potential for sustainable development. Furthermore, it was argued that large parts of the urbanised areas of Europe are dispersed and that these are neglected in urban and spatial planning policies. Such areas tend to be labelled simply as sprawl, though there is little evidence about whether such dispersed development is more or less sustainable than other forms of urban development. Moreover, evidence points in the direction that large amounts of dispersed urban development ask for different planning instruments which reflect the complexity and network structure of theses specific settlement patterns. \u0000At the turn of the millennium and across Europe, concepts describing dispersed urban areas, like Zwischenstadt, citta diffusa or tussenland gained some attention. They share an understanding of design and planning for the territory based on seeing the ‘urban landscape as a large interlocking system rather than as a set of discrete cities surrounded by countryside’ (Bruegmann, 2005). Nevertheless, none of the concepts influenced mainstream planning policy beyond a few individual plans and projects. \u0000To summarise, there is a limited understanding of the nature of dispersed urban development, uncertainty about how the sustainability of such areas can be assessed, and few policy instruments that would achieve any sustainability potential they offer. \u0000The dissertation sets out to contribute to an improved understanding of these issues by answering the following three research questions. \u00001. What spatial structures characterise dispersed urban areas in Europe? \u00002. Which morphological and functional structures of dispersed urban areas offer the potential for more sustainable development? If so, how can this potential be mapped and measured to inform regional planning and design? \u00003. Are there similarities and dissimilarities concerning potentials of dispersed urban areas in different locations, planning cultures, topographies and histories?","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"251-364"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43717465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape Fragmentation and Accessibility of Green Spaces","authors":"A. Wandl","doi":"10.7480/ABE.2019.14.4337","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.2019.14.4337","url":null,"abstract":"To improve the positive effects provided by green spaces on human well-being in dispersed urban areas is a key challenge for sustainable spatial development in Europe. This article presents a methodology that allows for the comparison of the potential of green spaces in territories-inbetween across Europe, in a way that crosses the fields of urban ecology and urbanism. The article adds to the existing knowledge and understanding of the relation between the spatial organisation of systems of green spaces and their accessibility to biodiversity and human well-being. Firstly, it adapts the fragmentation index in a way that it can be applied to the specific spatial characteristics of territories-in-between. Secondly, it combines the fragmentation index with an indicator for accessibility of green spaces, in order to integrate aspects of ecology, human well-being and the spatial heterogeneity of the relation between them. The methodology is applied to ten areas across western Europe in order to inform decision and policy makers including urban planners, designers and environmental agencies to be able to assess the potential of system of green spaces for biological diversity and human well-being in an integrated manner.","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"147-174"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43275552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics of Territories-in-between","authors":"A. Wandl, V. Nadin, W. Zonneveld, R. Rooij","doi":"10.7480/ABE.2019.14.4336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.2019.14.4336","url":null,"abstract":"Much of physical territory of the Europe does not fit classic ‘urban–rural’ typologies but can best be described as ‘territories-in-between’ (TiB). There is considerable agreement that TiB is pervasive and very significant. However, typologies of territory or spatial development continue to employ only degrees of either urban or rural. Similarly, spatial planning and territorial development policies rarely make use of the notion of in-between areas but tend instead to divide the territory into urban and rural zones. Questions have been raised therefore about the lack of understanding of territories-in-between and their negligence in planning policy. This paper contributes to a better understanding of TiB, by proposing a method for their characterisation and mapping. It asks if there can be a common definition of TiB that reflects consistent and distinctive characteristics across the great variety of spatial development contexts in Europe. It proposes spatial and demographic criteria for their definition, mapping and comparison. The comparison with widely used urban–rural classifications shows that the presented classification of TiB has three advantages: (i) it maps the complexity of the spatial structure of urbanised areas on a regional scale, and thereby helps to overcome the prevalent idea that urbanised regions are characterised by a spatial gradient from urban centre(s) to rural periphery; (ii) it emphasises the network structure of territories-in-between and the underlying connectivity of places with different functions and (iii) it raises awareness that in some parts of Europe a settlement pattern has developed that cannot be understood as either urban or rural.","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"79-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42066760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Architecture’s involvement with Landscape","authors":"D. Jauslin","doi":"10.7480/ABE.2019.13.4291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.2019.13.4291","url":null,"abstract":"While nature is an important component of architectural theory, we must reevaluate how architecture deals with nature in theory in order to place landscape in this thesis in the disciplinary context of architecture. \u0000While revisiting 17 of architecture's crucial exponents throughout twenty centuries, I explore their dealings with landscape or nature and the concepts thereof. The beginning of this chapter (3.1) will touch on some crucial problems that lead to the polarity of 'wild' nature and human architecture, or more precisely, the divide between nature and humanity through architecture. Part of the theoretical problem elaborated in the beginning of the chapter is, that landscape and nature are oftentimes conflated if not confused, in particular by architects. \u0000Out of my critique of a thematic selection of common architectural theories and within the methodological differentiation (3.2), I will argue for the necessity of research through analyses of landscape spatial composition in architecture. This argument should lead to introduce my application of the a twofold analytical model. One side of the analysis is about the form of the landscape architectural composition (Steenbergen & Reh 2003) with a method of drawing analysis of the formal composition of architectural projects in this thesis. The other side is evaluation of their strategies with the previously explained four attitudes. The introduction the twofold analytical methods will conclude with the research framework for our further investigation into Landscape Design Strategies drawing from the different theories of the conceptual landscape attitudes and the formal landscape composition, our research framework will merge these two theories into a complete picture of the phenomenon. \u0000In section 3.3, I will propose what has led to the selection and varied analytical techniques throughout this study and motivated the selection of key cases. I will treat the three cited cases in each individual chapters 4, 5 and 6.","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"70-139"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49612836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"City of Culture of Galicia in Santiago de Compostela","authors":"D. Jauslin","doi":"10.7480/ABE.2019.13.4294","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.2019.13.4294","url":null,"abstract":"The choice of City of Culture of Galicia in Santiago de Compostela will be explained from its validity as a singular case (6.1.). I will explain the context of this project also in the religious world of the pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela (6.2.). My impression from the two field-trips in 2014 will precede the analysis (6.3.) and again building this large and ambitious project posed a specific challenge to the merits of a few technical considerations (6.4.). \u0000As my documentation will show, this project is designed in a process of layering - not very different form our own analytical model in principle. However, our own layer model of ground form, spatial form, metaphorical form and programmatic form will alter the reading of the project (6.5.). Exactly these analogies between design architectonic process and landscape architectural analysis seem to be worth a specific method of design analysis. I will try to show composition strategies of shifting and shuffling of layers, altering and transforming of scales, stratification and even the inversion of layers as a specific method of this design (6.6.). Composition analysis should show that the specific landscape attitudes in this project are related to the idea of the palimpsest - multi-layered writing or ‘artificial excavation’ as Eisenman calls it in my interview (6.7., A1.31.). \u0000One can therefore find many entries in landscape architectonic attitudes but also a surprisingly contrasting position of the author’s denial of landscape influences in favour of what he calls the ‘excess of reason’ to understand this complex design (6.8.).","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"240-298"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46819113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Landscape Strategies in Architecture","authors":"D. Jauslin","doi":"10.7480/ABE.2019.13.4288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.2019.13.4288","url":null,"abstract":"This thesis explores the ways in which landscape is relevant as a concept for designing architecture. Buildings that have been designed like landscapes have become a topic in contemporary architecture. The apparent distinction between architecture and landscape is questioned in exemplary theories and new designs. The core of this thesis is three case studies of architectural designs that use landscape strategies. The analytical model for landscape architectural composition that Steenbergen and Reh (2003) developed for the European gardens is applied as in drawing analysis of these building's inner space composition. By distinguishing the landscape composition into a four layer model - ground form, spatial form, metaphorical form and programmatic form - the analysis will alter the reading of three architectural projects. Rem Koolhaas and OMA's unbuilt Jussieu design for two university libraries in Paris of 1992 is visualised for the first time as it could have looked if built. The Rolex Learning Centre at EPF Lausanne was declared 'landscape' as architecture by its designers Japanese Architects Kazuyo Sejima and Ryue Nishizawa (SANAA) at the opening in 2010. The City of Culture of Galicia in Santiago de Compostela by American architect Peter Eisenman was designed in 1999 in a process of layering - similar to the layer model analysis of this thesis. This thesis will interpret and compare the three architectural designs. It distinguishes design strategies, methods and landscape attitudes that are specific or commonly applied to the projects. Original drawing analysis and critique reveals unexplored potentials for landscape strategies in the architectural discipline.","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44863117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Basic concepts and definitions of the PAS design and decision system","authors":"M. Arkesteijn","doi":"10.7480/ABE.2019.12.4129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.2019.12.4129","url":null,"abstract":"In this chapter, using basic concepts and definitions from management science, decision theory and design methodology, I shall outline the methodological aspects, characteristics and features of the Preference-based Accommodation Strategy (PAS) design and decision system, which I developed for the formation of a corporate accommodation strategy. \u0000This outline serves first and foremost as a simple way of representing and modeling the PAS design decision system. It also enables the methodological characteristics of PAS design and decision making to be set out in a way that allows analysis and evaluation of the suitability of the applications of this system in real life corporate accommodation strategy processes. Finally, it should be possible to incorporate past experience into the framework, and to generalize and summarize it in order to benefit the further development of the PAS design decision system. The PAS design decision system will be referred to as PAS. \u0000In chapter 2 the existing alignment models were assessed on eight different assessment criteria and it has become clear that decision making receives very little attention in the models. The two main problems were that (1) it remained unclear how alternative CRE strategies are made on portfolio and building level and (2) most problems occur when selecting an alternative; none of the models has an overall performance measure that incorporates both quantitative and qualitative criteria, and uses correct measurement. Although in paragraph 2.2 all assessment criteria have been introduced, some of the concepts will be explained in this chapter. In chapter 2.3 the models have been assessed on their use of correct measurement for instance. In paragraph 3.2 it will be explained what correct measurement is and why it is important. \u0000The chapter is structured as follows: \u0000–– Fifteen basic concepts underlying the PAS design system are explained in paragraph 3.1; \u0000–– Preference measurement as core concept is explained in more detail in paragraph 3.2; \u0000–– Preference-Based Design as other core concept is explained in more detail in paragraph 3.3; \u0000–– A comparison of the foundations in different scientific field in given in paragraph 3.4; \u0000–– The chapter ends with a conclusion and comparison in paragraph 3.5.","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"91-142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48734430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive cooling techniques","authors":"Xiaoyu Du","doi":"10.7480/ABE.19.10.4104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.19.10.4104","url":null,"abstract":"Vernacular buildings are local buildings that have evolved overtime in one location to suit the local climate, culture and economy (Meir & Roaf, 2003). The construction of vernacular buildings uses locally available resources to address local needs. These kinds of structures evolve over time to reflect the environmental, cultural and historical context in which they exist (Coch, 1998). The building knowledge of this type of architecture is always handed down traditions and is thus more based on the knowledge achieved by trial and error and in this way handed down through the generations (Singh et al., 2009). Vernacular buildings are most often residential buildings. People have traditional lifestyles in vernacular buildings in virtually every climate in the world, from the Arctic circle to the tropics, in temperatures from below zero to over 40°C, and historically without the benefit of gas or electrically driven mechanized heating and cooling systems (Meir & Roaf, 2003). \u0000After the emergence of modernist architecture, aided by the industrial revolution, vernacular buildings are seen to be in a state of decline and are frequently looked down upon, abandoned, neglected or actively demolished. Associated, by many at least, with an out-dated past and poverty, they are steadily replaced by architectural models that favour more modern, inter-national technologies, materials and forms (Oliver, 1997). It is assumed, as in international standards such as CENASO 7730 or ASHRAE 55, that people suffer less discomfort in very closely controlled conditions, then such vernacular buildings, along with modern passive buildings, cannot provide their occupants with ‘comfortable’ indoor climates (Santamouris, 2007). But nowadays, by the more and more important issues of energy consumption in building construction sectors, the continuity of the vernacular traditions is emphasized in academic research and building practice because of its climate-response, passive model and low-energy consumption. The principles that were used in traditional buildings can very well be implemented in modern buildings so as to produce “energy saving” buildings. If these principles are sensibly adopted in modern buildings, it should be possible to build sustainable buildings for the future (Shanthi Priya, Sundarraja, Radhakrishnan, & Vijayalakshmi, 2012). We can learn a lesson from the approach of the builders who acknowledged the interdependence of human beings, buildings and physical environment (Coch, 1998). A “new vernacular” can be developed, harnessing the types of low-tech solutions that are familiar to most of us from the vernacular, together with modern passive and active renewable energy technologies and strategies to reflect the new cultural, climatic and economic realities of the 21st century (Meir & Roaf, 2003). \u0000Vernacular buildings have to adapt to the environment through low-tech methods. Changing building form and material is the most important technique to adapt to the ","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"60-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41482442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conclusies, aanbevelingen en discussie","authors":"Nicole Plasschaert","doi":"10.7480/ABE.19.14.4123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.19.14.4123","url":null,"abstract":"Investeringen in stedelijke vernieuwingswijken worden met het wegvallen van de rijksbijdragen na 2014 niet meer door de rijksoverheid gestimuleerd. Private partijen worden sindsdien geacht in deze achterblijvende wijken te investeren zonder ‘trigger money’ van het Rijk. Voor de continuiteit van stedelijke vernieuwing zijn met name investeringen door woningcorporaties van groot belang. De investeringsruimte van woningcorporaties is echter aanzienlijk verminderd, onder meer doordat zij sinds 2013 verhuurderheffing moeten betalen. Bovendien richten woningcorporaties zich als gevolg van de herziene Woningwet in 2015 meer op hun kerntaken, wat effect heeft op hun activiteiten en investeringen in stedelijke vernieuwingswijken. In de huidige realiteit is het investeringsgedrag van corporaties in stedelijke vernieuwing ingrijpend aan het veranderen en moeilijk te voorspellen. \u0000In dit proefschrift wordt inzicht gegeven in het investeringsgedrag van woningcorporaties in stedelijke vernieuwingswijken in samenwerking met andere actoren in de huidige context. Er is onderzoek gedaan naar de wijze waarop investeringsbeslissingen in stedelijke vernieuwing tot stand komen en naar de factoren die hierin een rol spelen. Omdat woningcorporaties minder investeringsruimte hebben en hun kernactiviteit is teruggebracht naar sociale huisvesting, komt het meer aan op samenwerking met andere actoren om investeringen in stedelijke vernieuwing van de grond te krijgen. Hierbij gaat het ten eerste om het samenspel tussen woningcorporaties en beleggers en ten tweede om het samenspel tussen woningcorporaties en bouwers (en in mindere mate ontwikkelaars). Ten derde gaat het om het samenspel tussen corporaties en gemeenten. \u0000In dit laatste hoofdstuk worden conclusies getrokken over het investeringsgedrag van woningcorporaties in stedelijke vernieuwing en over de factoren die hierop van invloed zijn. Daarnaast wordt gereflecteerd op de toegepaste onderzoeksmethode en het gekozen denkkader en worden aanbevelingen gedaan. In paragraaf 8.1 wordt antwoord gegeven op de onderzoeksvragen. In paragraaf 8.2 wordt ingegaan op de betrouwbaarheid en validiteit van de toegepaste onderzoeksmethode en op de theoretische benadering en het denkkader van Ostrom. Vervolgens worden aanbevelingen gedaan voor nader onderzoek. In paragraaf 8.3 worden de verwachtingen van het onderzoek weergegeven en worden meer algemene uitspraken gedaan op grond van de bevindingen.","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"236-259"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41444196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PAS mathematical models to achieve alignment","authors":"M. Arkesteijn","doi":"10.7480/ABE.2019.12.4133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7480/ABE.2019.12.4133","url":null,"abstract":"The focus in this chapter is on the component mathematical models of PAS (see Figure 7.1 and Figure 7.2). PAS can only be performed if the system engineers are able to build a mathematical model of the problem situation for each of the pilot studies. In this chapter, I will show that the system engineers were able to do this for all three pilots. \u0000Typically, a subset of the alternative is infeasible. When the feasible set of alternatives can be characterized mathematically, the PFM algorithm can search an optimal alternative within this set (either by an exhaustive search or by sampling, depending on the size of the feasible set). Otherwise, if a characterization of the feasible set is not available to the algorithm, the group decision makers – the stakeholders - can propose possible feasible alternatives for consideration. The algorithm can then rate these alternatives. \u0000This chapter has the following structure: \u0000–– TU Delft pilot for the food facilities in paragraph 7.1; \u0000–– TU Delft pilot for lecture halls in paragraph 7.2; \u0000–– Oracle’s pilot for office locations in paragraph 7.3; \u0000–– Pilot comparison and conclusion in paragraph 7.4. \u0000The mathematical models are explained for each of the pilots as follows: the model structure (first subparagraph), the model formulas (second subparagraph) and the optimization tool (third subparagraph). \u0000Recall, that in step 5 alternatives are generated in two separate ways: \u0000A The group of decision makers self-designs alternatives, use the design constraints to test the feasibility of the design alternatives, and use the PFM algorithm to yield an overall preference score of these feasible design alternatives; \u0000B The system engineer generates feasible design alternatives and uses the PFM algorithm to find the feasible design alternative with the highest overall preference score. \u0000The decision makers are able to design alternatives (step 5a) with the model that is explained in the first and second subparagraphs. The system engineer is able to generate alternatives (step 5b) with the optimization tool is, as is explained in the third subparagraph. \u0000The mathematical models for the pilot studies have been built by the system engineer and the facilitator. The author had the role of the facilitator. The system engineer for the first pilot was Binnekamp, for the second pilot it was Valks with the aid of Barendse, and for the third pilot the system engineers were De Visser with the guidance of De Graaf. Valks and De Visser cooperated in this study as graduate students with the author as their main mentor and Binnekamp, Barendse and De Graaf as their second and/or third mentors.","PeriodicalId":30436,"journal":{"name":"ABE Architecture and the Built Environment","volume":"1 1","pages":"277-300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41475144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}