Tuberculosis Research and Treatment最新文献

{"title":"Factors Associated with Participation in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Screening Using Chest X-Ray among Diabetes Mellitus Type II Patients in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.","authors":"I Gusti Ngurah Edi Putra,&nbsp;Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti,&nbsp;I Ketut Suarjana,&nbsp;Ketut Hari Mulyawan,&nbsp;I Made Kerta Duana,&nbsp;Ni Made Dian Kurniasari,&nbsp;I Wayan Gede Artawan Eka Putra","doi":"10.1155/2018/9285195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9285195","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases the risk of developing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) disease. Therefore, pulmonary TB screening among DM patients is essential. This study aimed to identify factors associated with participation of DM type II patients in pulmonary TB screening using chest X-ray. This was a cross-sectional analytic study and was part of TB-DM screening study in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. The sample consisted of 365 DM type II patients selected by quota sampling among DM type II patients joining the screening program from January until March 2016 in 11 public health centres in Denpasar. Data were collected via structured interviews. The contributing factors were determined by modified Poisson regression test for cross-sectional data. From the findings, less than half (45.48%) of DM type II patients participated in chest X-ray examination for TB. Factors associated with participation in pulmonary TB screening were having a higher educational level [APR = 1.34, 95% CI (1.07-1.67)], having family member who developed pulmonary TB disease [APR = 1.47, 95% CI (1.12-1.93)], the travel time to referral hospital for screening being ≤ 15 minutes [APR = 1.6, 95% CI (1.26-2.03)], having health insurance [APR = 2.69, 95% CI (1.10-6.56)], and receiving good support from health provider [APR = 1.35, 95% CI (1.06-1.70)]. Therefore, training for health provider on providing counselling, involvement of family members in screening process, and improving the health insurance coverage and referral system are worth considering.</p>","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2018 ","pages":"9285195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/9285195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36094477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of Seasonality and Circulating Cytokines on Serial QuantiFERON Discordances.","authors":"Marsha L Griffin,&nbsp;Saroochi Agarwal,&nbsp;Melissa Zhu Murphy,&nbsp;Larry D Teeter,&nbsp;Edward A Graviss","doi":"10.1155/2018/6731207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6731207","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objectives.</i> An 18-month prospective study serially tested healthcare workers (HCWs) for tuberculosis infection (TBI) and reported discordant QuantiFERON Gold In-Tube® (QFT) results in some participants. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether the interferon-gamma (IFN-<i>γ</i>) measured by QFT in discordant individuals could be influenced by other circulating cytokines that vary seasonally at the time of phlebotomy. <i>Methods.</i> The CDC funded TBESC Task Order 18 (TO18) project to assess the use of Interferon Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs), T-SPOT.<i>TB</i>® and QFT, compared to the tuberculin skin test (TST) for the serial testing of TBI in HCW at 4 US sites. Unstimulated plasma from 9 discordant TO18 participants at 4 different time points from the Houston site was multiplexed to determine the association between circulating cytokines and antigen stimulated IFN-<i>γ</i> levels. <i>Results.</i> IL-12, IL-1<i>β</i>, IL-3, GCSF, and IL-7 were associated with the amount of IFN-<i>γ</i> measured in response to antigen stimulation. In addition to these cytokines, a significant relationship was found between a positive QFT result and the spring season. <i>Conclusions.</i> Allergens during the spring season can result in the upregulation of IL-1<i>β</i> and IL-3, and this upregulation was observed with the amount of IFN-<i>γ</i> measured in discordant results.</p>","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2018 ","pages":"6731207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/6731207","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36065095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Anti-TB Drug Nonadherence and Associated Factors among TB Patients Attending TB Clinics in Arba Minch Governmental Health Institutions, Southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Addisu Alemayehu Gube,&nbsp;Megbaru Debalkie,&nbsp;Kalid Seid,&nbsp;Kiberalem Bisete,&nbsp;Asfaw Mengesha,&nbsp;Abubeker Zeynu,&nbsp;Freselam Shimelis,&nbsp;Feleke Gebremeskel","doi":"10.1155/2018/3705812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3705812","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the bacillus <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>. Nonadherence to anti-TB treatment may result in the emergence of multidrug-resistant TB, prolonged infectiousness, and poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes. Ethiopia is one of the seven countries that reported lower rates of treatment success (84%). This study assessed anti-TB drug nonadherence and associated factors among TB patients in Arba Minch governmental health institutions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An institution based cross-sectional study design was conducted from April 15 to May 30, 2017. A systematic sampling technique was employed to select the study subjects. Data was collected using a semistructured questionnaire with Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS-8) and was entered, cleaned, and analyzed in SPSS version 20.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 271 TB patients with a response rate of 96.4%; 58.3% were males and 64.9% were Gamo by ethnicity. The overall nonadherence was 67 (24.7%) (CI = 20.0-30.4). Nonadherence was high if the patients experienced side effects (AOR = 13.332; 95% CI = 2.282-77.905), were far from the health facility (AOR = 21.830; 95% CI = 0.054-77.500), and experienced prolonged waiting time to get medical services (AOR = 14.260; 95% CI = 2.135-95.241).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The proportion of TB patients that did not adhere to anti-TB drugs was high in Arba Minch governmental health institutions.</p>","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2018 ","pages":"3705812"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/3705812","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36024412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Evaluation of Treatment Outcomes in a Cohort of Clients on the DOTS Strategy, 2012-2016.","authors":"Ato Kwamena Tetteh,&nbsp;Edward Agyarko,&nbsp;Joseph Otchere,&nbsp;Langbong Bimi,&nbsp;Irene Ayi","doi":"10.1155/2018/4287842","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4287842","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We present, for the first time, an evaluation of treatment outcomes in a cohort at a TB referral centre in the Central Region of Ghana. Of the 213 clients placed on DOTS, 59.2% (126/213) were sputum smear-positive. An overall cure rate of 90.2% (51.6% cured + 37.6% completed) and a death rate of 8.5% (18/213) were estimated. Of the number of clients who died, 5.7% (12/213) were males (<i>χ</i>² = 2.891, <i>p</i> = 0.699; LR = 3.004, <i>p</i> = 0.699). Deaths were only recorded among clients who were > 19 years old (<i>χ</i>² = 40.319, <i>p</i> = 0.099; LR = 41.244, <i>p</i> = 0.083). Also, 0.9% (2/213) was lost to follow-up, while 1.4% (3/213) had treatment failure. In total, 13.6% (7.0%, 15/213 males, and 6.6%, 14/213 females) of clients who were placed on DOTS were HIV seropositive. Ages of 40-49 years had the highest number, 13/213 (6.1%), infected with HIV, though the difference among the remaining age groups was not statistically significant (<i>χ</i>² = 9.621, <i>p</i> = 0.142). Furthermore, 7.0% (15/213) had TB/HIV coinfection. Out of them, 9 were cured and 5 died at home, while 1 had treatment failure. Tuberculosis/HIV infection prevention advocacy and interventions that address sociodemographic determinants of unfavourable treatment outcomes are urgently required to augment national efforts towards control.</p>","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2018 ","pages":"4287842"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2018/4287842","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36019964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phenotypic and Genotypic Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates from Sudanese Patients","authors":"Solima M Sabeel, M. Salih, M. Ali, S. El-Zaki, N. Abuzeid, Z. A. M. Elgadi, Hisham N. Altayb, A. M. A. Elegail, N. Ibrahim, B. K. Elamin","doi":"10.1155/2017/8340746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8340746","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Currently, mutations in rpoB, KatG, and rrs genes and inhA promoter were considered to be involved in conferring resistance to rifampicin, isoniazid, and streptomycin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Objective. The aims of this study were to detect the prevalence of first-line tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance among a group of previously treated and newly detected TB patients, to determine the association between prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and demographic information (age and sex), to explain genes correlated with MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and to characterize MTB via 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) analysis. Methods. A hundred MTB isolates from Sudanese pulmonary TB patients were included in the study. The proportional method of drug susceptibility test was carried out on Löwenstein-Jensen media. Multiplex PCR of rpoB and KatG genes and inhA promoter was conducted; then rrs genes were amplified by conventional PCR and were sequenced. The sequences of the PCR product were compared with known rrs gene sequences in the GenBank database by multiple sequence alignment tools. Result. The prevalence of MDR was 14.7% among old cases and 5.3% among newly diagnosed cases. Conclusion. Mutations in rrs could be considered as a diagnostic marker.","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/8340746","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48450289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge about Tuberculosis: A Precursor to Effective TB Control-Findings from a Follow-Up National KAP Study on Tuberculosis among Nigerians.","authors":"A O Hassan,&nbsp;Richard Olukolade,&nbsp;Q C Ogbuji,&nbsp;S Afolabi,&nbsp;L C Okwuonye,&nbsp;O C Kusimo,&nbsp;J A Osho,&nbsp;K A Osinowo,&nbsp;O A Ladipo","doi":"10.1155/2017/6309092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6309092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tuberculosis (TB) constitutes a significant and major public health emergency globally. Nigeria is one of the 22 high burden Tuberculosis countries. A high level of community awareness and positive perception towards TB and its management is crucial for the success of any control strategy. A national baseline survey was conducted in 2008 and a follow-up study in 2012 to measure knowledge of TB among the general population. This study therefore evaluated the knowledge of the target population about Tuberculosis in the follow-up study. A cross-sectional study design was employed with a total of 3,021 respondents interviewed from six states selected randomly from each of the six geopolitical zones in the country. Quantitative and qualitative research methodologies were adopted. From the findings, about 60% of the respondents were aged between 21 and 40 years and more than half had secondary school education. Over 80% had ever heard about TB. Although there has been a significant improvement in correct knowledge of the cause of TB from baseline (19%) in 2008 to 26.5% in 2012 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), findings showed that prioritized interventions are needed to improve communication and information dissemination on Tuberculosis to the general public, to aid TB control and all prevention efforts.</p>","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"6309092"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/6309092","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35551155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Factors Associated with Treatment Delay among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Public and Private Health Facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.","authors":"Getinet Shewaseged Adenager,&nbsp;Fessahaye Alemseged,&nbsp;Henok Asefa,&nbsp;Amanuel Tesfay Gebremedhin","doi":"10.1155/2017/5120841","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5120841","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background</i>. Early detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and the timely commencement of antituberculosis (anti-TB) treatment are the parts of efficient tuberculosis prevention and control program. Delay in the commencement of anti-TB treatment worsens the prognosis and increases the risk of death and the chance of transmission in the community and among health care workers. <i>Objective</i>. To assess tuberculosis treatment delay and associated factors among pulmonary TB patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. <i>Methods</i>. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 public and 10 private health facilities that provide TB treatment. The data were collected from 425 newly registered pulmonary TB patients using pretested structured questionnaire from April to June 2012. Data were entered in EPI info version 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 16.0. <i>Findings</i>. The median durations of a patient, health care system, and total treatment delays were 17, 9, and 35 days, respectively. Overall 179 (42.1%), 233 (54.8%), and 262 (61.6%) of patients experienced patient delay, health care system delay, and total treatment delay, respectively. Distance more than 2.5 km from TB treatment health facility [AOR = 1.6, 95% CI (1.1-2.5)] and the presence of TB-associated stigma [AOR = 2.1, 95% CI (1.3, 3.4)] indicate higher odds of patient delay, whereas, being unemployed, patients with the hemoptysis symptom complain indicated lower odds of health care system delay [AOR = 0.41, 95% CI (0.24, 0.70)] and [AOR = 0.61 (0.39, 0.94)], respectively. <i>Conclusions</i>. A significant proportion of clients experienced patient and health care system delay. Thus, there is a need for designing and implementing appropriate strategies to decrease the delays. Efforts to reduce delays should give focus on integrating prevention programs such as active case detection and expanding access to TB care.</p>","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"5120841"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/5120841","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"34861753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"TB Notification from Private Health Sector in Delhi, India: Challenges Encountered by Programme Personnel and Private Health Care Providers.","authors":"Mahasweta Satpati,&nbsp;Sharath Burugina Nagaraja,&nbsp;Hemant Deepak Shewade,&nbsp;Prabhakaran Ottapura Aslesh,&nbsp;Blesson Samuel,&nbsp;Ashwani Khanna,&nbsp;Sarabjit Chadha","doi":"10.1155/2017/6346892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6346892","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify the challenges encountered by private health care providers (PHCP) to notify tuberculosis cases through a programme developed web-based portal mechanism called \"NIKSHAY.\" <i>Study Design</i>. It is a descriptive qualitative study conducted at two revised national tuberculosis control programme (RNTCP) districts of New Delhi. The study included in-depth interviews of PHCP registered with \"NIKSHAY\" and RNTCP programme personnel. Grounded theory was used to conceptualise the latent social patterns in implementation of tuberculosis case notification process and promptly identifying their challenges.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The analysis resulted in identification of three broad themes: (a) system implementation by RNTCP: it emphasizes the TB notification process by the RNTCP programme personnel; (b) challenges faced by PHCP for TB notification with five different subthemes; and (c) perceived gaps and suggestions: to improvise the TB notification process for the private health sector. The challenges encountered by PHCP were mainly related to unsystematic planning and suboptimal implementation by programme personnel at the state and district level. The PHCP lacked clarity on the need for TB notification.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Implementation of TB notification among private health care providers requires systematic planning by the programme personnel. The process should be user-friendly with additional benefits to the patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"6346892"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/6346892","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35450362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triple Cultures Increase the Diagnostic Sensitivity of Mycobacterial Tuberculosis Empyema.","authors":"Kingsfield Ong,&nbsp;Keerthi Rajapaksha,&nbsp;Chin Siang Ong,&nbsp;Ali Akbar Fazuludeen,&nbsp;Aneez Dokeu Basheer Ahmed","doi":"10.1155/2017/4362804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4362804","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There is a continuous debate on the appropriate diagnostic approach and surgical management of mycobacterial empyema, with widely varied diagnostic practices and surgical outcomes. The aim of this study is to highlight the diagnostic approach and clinical features of patients who required surgical intervention for mycobacterial empyema.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We performed a 5-year retrospective cohort study of all patients with mycobacterial empyema requiring surgery in a single institution from November 2009 to November 2014.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eighteen patients (15 males and 3 females, median age 48.5 years) required surgery. Seventeen patients required decortication via posterolateral thoracotomy and one patient underwent video-assisted thoracic surgery drainage and pleural debridement. Prolonged air leak was the commonest surgical complication (50%, <i>n</i> = 9). 94.4% (<i>n</i> = 17) had necrotizing granulomatous inflammation on histological examination. The sensitivity of mycobacterium smear and culture ranged between 12.5% and 75% for pleural tissue, sputum, and pleural fluid individually. The combination of all 3 samples increased the diagnostic yield to 100%.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>With the implementation of pleural tissue culture at surgery, the novel combination of sputum, pleural fluid, and pleural tissue culture provides excellent diagnostic yield.</p>","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"4362804"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/4362804","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35532866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Are Shopkeepers Suffering from Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia: <i>A Cross-Sectional Survey</i>.","authors":"Mulusew Andualem Asemahagn","doi":"10.1155/2017/2569598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2569598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite several interventions, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health concern in developing countries.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine pulmonary TB prevalence and associated factors among shopkeepers in Bahir Dar City, Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 among 520 shopkeepers who had TB signs and symptoms using questionnaire interview and sputum samples processing. Shopkeepers were considered TB positive if two sputum slides became positive. Data were edited and analyzed using SPSS version 23. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 520 shopkeepers were interviewed and gave sputum samples. About 256 (49.2%) of them were under the ≤30 years' age category, 22.0% can read and write, 65.0% were Muslims, and 32.0% originated from rural areas. Pulmonary TB prevalence was 7.0% (37/520), and positivity proportion was 57.0% (21/37) in males and 70.0% (26/37) in urban residents. Smaller (44.0%) shopkeepers got health education on TB. Illiteracy, no health education, contact history, cigarette smoking, nonventilated shops, and comorbidities were factors to TB infection (<i>p</i> value < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Significant numbers of shopkeepers were infected by TB. Factors to TB infection were either personal or related to comorbidities or the environment. Therefore, TB officials need to specially emphasize awareness creation, occupational health, and early screening to prevent TB.</p>","PeriodicalId":30261,"journal":{"name":"Tuberculosis Research and Treatment","volume":"2017 ","pages":"2569598"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1155/2017/2569598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35762440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}