Journal of the Ghana Science Association最新文献

{"title":"The Role of Herbalists in the Management of Severe and Uncomplicated Malaria among Children in the Shama Ahanta East and Ahanta West Districts of Ghana","authors":"J. N. Boampong, S. Acquah, S. Opoku, D. Amoako-Sakyi, A. Adu-Oppong","doi":"10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69182","url":null,"abstract":"The role of herbalists in the management of malaria in Ghana is yet to be recognized despite the proliferation of antimalarial herbal products produced by the herbalists, on the Ghanaian mar-ket. This study was carried out to ascertain the role of herbalists in the management of severe and uncomplicated malaria among children in the Shama-Ahanta East and Ahanta West Dis-tricts of the Western Region of Ghana. The study areas were divided into twelve clusters, ques-tionnaires and focus group discussions were used to obtain the needed information on the peo-ple�s knowledge about malaria, their perception of the herbal medicinal practice and the role herbalists play in the management of severe and uncomplicated malaria among children. All the herbalists involved in the study used plants with neem tree (Azadiracta indica) being the most commonly used (43%). The study indicated that 75.6% of mothers patronized recognized health-care services with only 7.3% patronizing both the services of the herbalists and recognized healthcare providers whilst 17.1% of the mothers relied solely on the services of herbalists. All the herbalists managed convulsion but only 65% collaborated with health centres in the manage-ment of malaria. The study has unveiled the significant role of herbalists in the management of malaria in the two districts.","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"71 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116648295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological Considerations in the Selection of Leguminous Plants as Cover Crops on The Vertisols of the Accra Plains in Ghana","authors":"K. Nyalemegbe, T. Osakpa, S. Danso","doi":"10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69189","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 to select leguminous cover crops for the Accra plains ecology in Ghana, based on the ability to withstand drought, produce enough biomass and fix nitrogen. In a randomised complete block design, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Stylosanthes ha-mata, Stylosanthes guianensis, Aeschenomene histrix, Chamaecrista rotundifolia, Sesbania ses-ban and Leucena leucocephala were grown and plant residues incorporated into the soil. Other treatments were recommended inorganic fertilizer application and no fertilization (control). Maize was planted on all plots and data collected on biomass of leguminous residues and also shoot biomass, cob weight and grain yield of maize. Soil samples were taken and analysed for pH, organic carbon and nitrogen (N). The leguminous plant materials were also analysed for N, phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Annual rainfalls of 2003 and 2004 were low and dry matter yields of some leguminous plants (e.g. Aeschenomene histrix and Chamaecrista rotundifolia) were consequently low. Also, Crotalaria ochroleuca, Leucena leucocephala, Sesbania sesban and Chamaecrista rotundifolia had higher percentage of N per unit dry weight than the other leguminous plants (3.1, 3.1, 2.8 and 2.8, respectively). In the major rainy season of 2004, maize after Sesbania sesban had higher total dry matter, cob weight and grain yield than observed in the unfertilized control and were comparable to those of the inorganic fertilizer application. Grain yields were 2.4, 0.9 and 3.5 t ha-1, respectively. In the minor season, crop growth and yield were much lower in all the treatments due to low rainfall. By virtue of its high vegetative growth and nitrogen fixation, Sesbania sesban was selected as suitable cover crop for the Accra plains.","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127184506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Red-Green Colour Deficiencies and the Study of Science, Computer Usage and Internet Browsing","authors":"G. Futagbi, Ed Miensah, Na Eshunsah","doi":"10.4314/jgsa.v13i1.69185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jgsa.v13i1.69185","url":null,"abstract":"Colour blindness is the inability to perceive differences between some or all colours that other people can distinguish. It is most often of genetic nature but may also occur because of eye, nerve or brain damage or due to exposure to some chemicals. The most common type of colour vision deficiency is red-green colour blindness. Types of red-green colour blindness include pro-tanopia, deuteranopia, protanomalia and deuteranomalia which denote lack of ability to distin-guish between colours in the green-yellow-red section of the spectrum in addition to abnormal diming, lack of ability to distinguish between colours in the green-yellow-red section of the spec-trum but without abnormal diming, less sensitivity to red and weakness in perception of green respectively. This study investigated the prevalence and impact of colour blindness on the study of science and on Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) usage such as com-puter usage and internet browsing. The study participants were science students aged between fifteen and twenty-three whose courses such as Chemistry and Biology require identification, naming and matching of colours. The study was done using the Ishihara 24 plate edition which the participants examined and the numerals identified were recorded without more than three seconds delay. Questionnaires were administered to participants who tested positive for colour blindness. Out of 1194 male students sampled, 1.2% were colour blind. None of the 566 females included in the study was colour blind. Twelve (12) of the male participants were either deuter-anopes, strong deuteranomalous, mild protanomalous, mild deuteranomalous, protanopes or strong protanomalous while 2 students had other forms of red-green colour blindness that could not be classified with the Ishihara plates. The deutan type was the most common red-green defi-ciency in this study accounting for 64% of all types. There was no significant difference between prevalence of red-green colour blindness at the secondary and tertiary levels (p>0.05). Colour blind students who experienced difficulties in their studies such as difficulties in performing practicals and internet browsing that require them to identify, name or discriminate colours, managed these difficulties by employing the help of their mates. The results suggest that red-green colour vision deficiency may influence but does not prevent study of science, computer usage or internet browsing and that some red-green colour blind science students may need help.","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132176606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Potential Evapotranspiration for a Coastal Savannah Environment: Comparison of Methods","authors":"D. Asare, G. Banini, E. Ayeh, G. Amenorpe","doi":"10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69181","url":null,"abstract":"Six potential evapotranspiration models namely, Penman-Monteith, Hargreaves-Samani , Priestley-Taylor, IRMAK1, IRMAK2 and TURC, were used to estimate daily PET values at Atomic-Kwabenya in the coastal savannah environment of Ghana for the year 2005. The study compared PET values generated by six models and identified which ones compared favourably with the Penman-Monteith model which is the recommended standard method for estimating PET. Cross comparison analysis showed that only the daily estimates of PET of Hargreaves-Samani model correlated reasonably (r = 0.82) with estimates by the Penman-Monteith model. Additionally, PET values by the Priestley-Taylor and TURC models were highly correlated (r = 0.99) as well as those generated by IRMAK2 and TURC models (r = 0.96). Statistical analysis, based on pair comparison of means, showed that daily PET estimates of the Penman-Monteith model were not different from the Priestley-Taylor model for the Kwabenya-Atomic area located in the coastal savannah environment of Ghana. The Priestley-Taylor model can be used, in place of the Penman-Monteith model, to estimate daily PET for the Atomic-Kwabenya area of the coastal savannah environment of Ghana. The Hargreaves-Samani model can also be used to estimate PET for the study area because its PET estimates correlated reasonably with those of the Penman-Monteith model (r = 0.82) and requires only air temperature measurements as in-puts.ac","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132013675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypoglycemic Effects Of Whole And Fractionated Azadirachta Indica (Neem) Seed Oils On Alloxan-Induced Diabetes In New Zealand White Rabbits","authors":"G. Koffuor, P. Amoatengor, C. Okai, N. Fiagbe","doi":"10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69188","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes is a common condition that can contribute to illness, disability and early death world-wide. In an attempt to find remedy to this disease, the hypoglycemic effects of whole and frac-tionated neem seed oil on alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits were investigated. Oil from the neem seed was soxlet-extracted and some physicochemical properties determined. The whole neem seed oil had an acid value of 4.56�0.11, saponification value of 191.25�0.84, a pH of 4.85�0.15, a refractive index of 1.4653 at 29oC, a density of 0.9048 at 29oC. On fractionation of the whole neem seed oil, the acidic, basic and neutral portion obtained had pH values of 4.35�0.10, 8.50 �0.24, 7.75�0.01,respectively. IRspectrophotometric analysis suggests the presence of �OH, -C=O, -CH3. Rf values obtained from TLC analysis indicates a close relation in chemical compo-nents between the whole oil and acidic fraction. On administration of these oils to alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits (2.5 ml/kg p.o.), the whole oil and the acidic portion of oil had very sig-nificant (P 0.05) after five days of treatment. The data suggests that the whole neem seed oil and the acidic portion of the neem seed oil could be of benefit in controlling the blood sugar in subjects presenting with diabetes mellitus.","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121745553","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dipole-Dipole Resistivity Measurements of Weathered Soils Over Major Rock Types in a Humid Climate - A Case Study of Ashanti Region-Ghana","authors":"S. O. Nyako, C. Akayuli, Kwabena Opuni, B. Ofosu","doi":"10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69192","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69192","url":null,"abstract":"Ninety six (96) dipole-dipole resistivity sounding curves acquired with Mac-Ohm II resistivity meter over the Birimian, Intrusives, Tarkwaian and Voltaian rocks underlying Ashanti Region have been analyzed qualitatively to identify their characteristic shapes over each rock type. Geoelectrical sections have also been modeled from the curves and drill logs obtained close to the sounding points. Four (4) major three (3)-geoelectrical sections were identified. These were characterized by the H, A, Q and K- type curves which corresponded to the resistivity sequence r1>r2 r2>r3, r1 r3 respectively. Over the Birimian rocks, near surface resistiv-ity values ranged from100-600 ohm-m within the depths from 0-9 m. A moderately resistive stra-tum with values ranging from 200-500 ohm-m formed the second layer, and could be found to the depths of about 25 m. The low resistivity (conductive) zones were encountered at depths be-tween 25-40 m with values ranging from 180-250 ohm-m. The Intrusive rocks indicated resistiv-ity values in the range from 500-600 ohm-m for the first layer with thickness 11 m, overlying a more resistive second stratum with values ranged from 800-1700 ohm-m and of thickness 11 m, This in turn overlay a low resistive zone between 22-40 m depth with values 180-1200 ohm-m. The Tarkwaian rocks recorded the range from 500-1300 ohm-m as the first layer resistivity val-ues between 0-9 m depth, the second layer resistivity values were relatively lower than the upper stratum and ranged from 400-850 ohm-m to the depth of 23 m. The bottom layer resistivity indi-cated values from 200-400 ohm-m within the depths of 23-40 m. Formations over the Voltaian rocks recorded the lowest range of resistivity generally from 60-200 ohm. The top layer values ranged from 60-110 ohm m, the middle layer from 160-200 ohm m and the bottom layer re-cording values within the range from 60 -100 ohm m. The old rocks such as the Intrusives, Tark-waian and the Birimian seem to exhibit higher values of resistivity measurements. However the low values of resistivity close to 40 m depth as well as the significant rise to higher values could indicate the approach of the fractured basement rock which could indicate potential target in groundwater exploration programs.","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"62 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124656456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Resistance Profile of Bacteria Isolatedgrom Hospital Sources to Antibioticsand Biocides","authors":"A. Oluduro, M. David, O. Famurewa","doi":"10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69191","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69191","url":null,"abstract":"There have been reports of concomitant resistance to biocides and antibiotics particularly in clinical bacteria. The study therefore investigated the resistance profile of clinical bacterial iso-lates to antibiotics and biocides employed in the sanitation of the hospital wards. A total of 484 clinical bacterial isolates comprising Citrobacter freundii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa., Klebsiella oxycota, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS), Xanthomonas maltro-phila, Enterobacter spp, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas spp were isolated from the patients� stools, urine, High vaginal swab, hand swab of medical personnel and inani-mate objects within the hospital wards. Resistance demonstrated by isolates to 27 different anti-biotics and seven biocides using standard methods was examined. All the isolates tested were resistant to between one and 24 different antibiotics in varying proportions. Overall, resistance to antibiotics ranged from 0.7 to 100% among Gram negative bacteria and 0.98 to 100% among Gram positive bacteria. The organisms developed resistance to the antibiotics in varying propor-tion. In all cases, resistance to antibiotics was generally high among the Gram negative bacteria particularly, Xanthomonas maltrophila, Enterobacter spp and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Resis-tance was highest to cefazolin among the cephalosporin antibiotics and ciprofloxacin among the flouroquinolone antibiotic, while it was highest to penicillin and nitrofurantoin among other antibiotics. All the isolates were susceptible to the biocides tested except Enterobacter spp., Xan-thomonas spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa that were resistant only to chlorhexidine diglu-conate at a concentration of 0.05�g/ml. Plasmid analysis of the chlorhexidine-resistant isolates showed the absence of plasmid link. This indicated that the resistance was not plasmid-mediated. In the study, resistance among the organisms to antibiotics was greater than to biocides, which may be due to increase in the use of antibiotics than biocides.","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131267197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ferroelectricity in Sodium Nitrite Thin Films","authors":"A. Britwum, M. Donkor, F. Boakye, R. K. Nkum","doi":"10.4314/jgsa.v13i1.69183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jgsa.v13i1.69183","url":null,"abstract":"Investigations have been conducted on the ferroelectric property of thin films of NaNO2. The thin films were prepared with the dip coating technique. The phase transition was investigated by observing the change in the dielectric constant with temperature change. The presence of ferro-electricity was investigated with a Sawyer-Tower Bridge. UV-VIS absorbance spectroscopy was used to determine the energy band gap and the extinction coefficient at room temperature. It was observed thatNaNO2 thin film undergoes a first order transition from the disordered paraelectric phase to an ordered ferroelectric phase at 162.3�C. Ferroelectricity was confirmed in the NaNO2 thin films by the appearance of a hysteresis loop below the transition temperature. The band gap of the thin film was 3.102 eV. The ferroelectric property exhibited by the NaNO2 thin films do not make it a favourable choice for modern day ferroelectric devices. However, this may be im-proved by doping the thin film with chlorine ions.","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124341584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Overview of the Epidemiology of Coconut Lethal Yellowing Disease (LYD) in Malayan Yellow Dwarf x Vanuatu Tall (MYD x VTT) Hybrids in the Western and Central Regions of Ghana","authors":"G. Danyo, S. Dery","doi":"10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69184","url":null,"abstract":"The Ghanaian form of lethal yellowing disease (LYD) of coconut is known as the Cape Saint Paul Wilt Disease (CSPWD). The disease is caused by phytoplasmas, and has been active in the country since 1932. The study was conducted to update the disease situation among Malayan Yellow Dwarf x Vanuatu Tall (MYD x VTT) hybrids in the Western and Central Regions of Ghana. It was also to compare the level of LYD susceptibility in the local West African Tall (WAT) variety and the MYD x VTT hybrid, recommended for replanting under the Coconut Sec-tor Development Project (CSDP). Structured survey questionnaires were administered for 15 months to obtain information on every CSPD coconut farm. Categories of data included: farm identity, hydrography, topography, soil properties, agronomic and ecological condition, and dis-ease situation around each coconut farm. Losses to LYD were higher in the Central Region than in the Western Region. Overall, only 4.8 % of total hectarage of MYD x VTT coconut plantings have been affected by the disease as at December, 2009. LYD incidence was significantly higher in the WAT variety than the MYD x VTT hybrids. Mathematical calculations also showed that, the epidemic rate (r) of LYD was higher in the WAT variety than the MYD x VTT hybrids. There was variation in disease incidence and severity in MYD x VTT hybrids between the different co-conut growing areas. The susceptibility of the MYD x VTT hybrids under intense disease pres-sure calls for the screening of more coconut varieties, to identify truly resistant types to the lethal yellowing disease.","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"114 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126824307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measurement of Breast Milk Intake Using Deuterium Oxide and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer - A Pilot Study","authors":"T. Adom, D. Bansa, R. Boatin, S. Timpo, P. Asamoa-Tutu, T. Vuore, Dominic Datohe","doi":"10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/JGSA.V13I1.69178","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of breast milk intake of infants is essential to the estimation of nutrient re-quirements during infancy and lactation. The conventional method, test-weighing procedure for measuring breast milk is time consuming, most often inaccurate and may interfere with the mother�s normal activities. A more practical and accurate method is isotope dilution using stable isotope-labelled water. The accuracy and ready availability of deuterium oxide (D2O) have led to its extensive use in measuring body composition and breast milk intake of infants. The D2O turnover method was field-tested in 13 lactating Ghanaian mother-baby pairs. Maternal and baby anthropometric measurements were made. Baby milk intake and maternal body composi-tion were measured with the dose-to-mother method. Pre-dose samples of saliva were taken from each mother-baby pair. A measured D2O dose (30g) was administered orally to the mother. Post-dose saliva samples were collected from mother and baby on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 13, and 14. Samples were analysed using Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer (FTIR). The mean � SD maternal age was 24 � 5 years. Babies were aged 3.5 months on the average and weighed 6.7 � 0.7 kg. Mean milk intake of babies was 828 � 132 ml/day with a range of 610 to 1040 ml/day. Maternal fat free mass and % body fat were 44.8 � 5.3 kg, 23.1 � 5.1 respectively. This non-invasive and convenient method has been used successfully to measure breast milk intake of Ghanaian infants.","PeriodicalId":301438,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Ghana Science Association","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129822778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}