Theory and Practice of Forensic Science最新文献

{"title":"Forensic Political Expertise: An Innovative Direction of Forensic Practice in the System of the Russian Ministry of Justice","authors":"O. V. Galaeva, V. V. Gulevskaya, G. G. Omel’yanyuk","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-30-43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-30-43","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the prospects for applying the methodology of political science in the framework of forensic expertise. The authors justify the expediency of conduction of forensic political investigations in forensic expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. They also establish the grounds for appointing forensic political examinations. The subject, objects, typical tasks are specified, and a list of sample questions is provided.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"4 3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132744497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Features of Validating Forensic Expert Techniques","authors":"A. I. Usov, G. G. Omel’yanyuk, G. Bebeshko, I. P. Lyubetskaya, I. B. Afanas’ev","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-76-96","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-76-96","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews and summarizes the experience of validating forensic expert techniques in the Russian Federal Centre of Forensic Science of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. The authors point out the methodological features of practical implementation of the validation procedure. They demonstrate that the specificity, diversity, and complexity of the objects of expert study require the classification of the applied methods in terms of metrology, identification of the main validation parameters of quantitative and qualitative methods, organization of experiments, and evaluation of validation parameters using mathematical analysis methods. They also propose to divide methods into two types: forensic expert measurement methods (FMT) and forensic expert testing methods (FTT). Based on the generalization of information presented in several regulatory documents and scientific publications, the following parameters are identified for FMT: metrological characteristics or properties of the method (specificity, linearity, sensitivity, range of determined values, detection limit, quantitative determination limit) and quality indicators of the method (precision, correctness, accuracy of the analysis result, or uncertainty). When validating FTT, it is proposed to evaluate the reliability of the method and the competence of the expert.An experiment to assess validation parameters is performed using enough control samples with established characteristics of controlled indicators and with the participation of a sufficient number of experts. Requirements for control samples are provided.The authors also give examples of probabilistic evaluation of validation parameters for two qualitative testing methods: microscopic examination of textile fibers and detection of gunshot residue using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microanalysis. The reliability of these methods is assessed by calculating the likelihood ratio, and the specificity of interpreting the results of FMT and FTT validation is noted.The decision on compliance with the requirements is made if the interval of the established extended uncertainty for the obtained result does not exceed the tolerance field. In the absence of tolerances, FMT is considered suitable for solving forensic expert tasks if the values of the extended uncertainty of the measurement results of the controlled indicator do not exceed the values established during validation. For FTT, a low probabilistic proportion of false positive and false negative results in determining the presence/absence of controlled indicators, as well as experimentally confirmed competence of the expert during validation, are indicators of the suitability of the method for its intended use","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"252 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122506045","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expert Analysis of Labeling and Packaging Products Manufactured Using Modern Technology in Order to Establish the Printing Method of its Details","authors":"M. Toropova","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-44-59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-44-59","url":null,"abstract":"With the extensive implementation of new technologies in printing and reprographic printing the manufacturing methods of mass printing products, including labels, tags, and packaging, which often become the objects of forensic document analysis, have changed dramatically. The article describes the modern methods of color printing and reprographic printing used in manufacturing of such products. The work also provides an overview of the most common modern methods and types of color industrial printing used in the production of labels, tags, and packaging. The author describes the diagnostic complexes of features of these methods displayed at the raster level in the resulting prints (images).","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134538272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forensic Basics of Modern Biometric Technologies","authors":"S. N. Khaziev","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-16-21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-16-21","url":null,"abstract":"Forensic identification and modern biometric technologies have a common basis and have been closely developing together in various ways. Today new biometric technologies have emerged that utilize previously inaccessible properties and characteristics of humans. The article examines how forensic identification principles are applied in the creation of such new technologies.Promising areas of collaboration between forensic experts and biometric technology specialists include collaborative studying the frequency and identification significance of external human characteristics, as well as individual features of movements and actions, determined by habits and skills and used for forensic identification. They share common goals such as investigating the causes of erroneous identifications, exploring the ways to illegally bypass biometric security systems, and developing methods to counter criminal attacks.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117263811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Criteria of Reducing the Amount of Compensation of Damage to Vehicles Considering the Decisions of the Constitutional Court and the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation","authors":"I. G. Novoseletskii, S. V. Fedotov","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-60-68","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-1-60-68","url":null,"abstract":"The article discusses the justification of considering wear and tear when estimating the amount of damage caused by vehicle breakage. The authors present the legal reasoning for the differentiated approach when deciding whether wear and tear should be considered and make some suggestions for its practical reflection in expert opinions","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"225 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127199653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preventive Activities of Forensic Vehicle Examiners","authors":"N. Il’in","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-33-40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-33-40","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129172998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methods of Forensic Linguistics","authors":"V. O. Kuznetsov","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-6-17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-6-17","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124426954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authenticity in Criminal Law, Criminalistics and Forensic Science","authors":"A. Asnis, S. N. Khaziev","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-41-58","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-41-58","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"50 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116512920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological Materials on the Conduct of Forensic Examination: Basic Concepts, Similarities and Differences","authors":"E. Chesnokova","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-24-32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-24-32","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126344560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Problems of Assessing the Amount of Damage Caused to Soils by Pollution","authors":"M. V. Dabakhov, E. Dabakhova","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-70-79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2022-4-70-79","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116971963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}