Theory and Practice of Forensic Science最新文献

On Some Aspects of Applying the Methods of Forensic Portrait Examination When Identifying People from Their Artistic Portraits 论从艺术肖像辨认人物时应用法医肖像鉴定方法的几个方面

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-36-45

A. Zinin

引用次数: 0

From the History of Criminalistics: Antonio Maria Cospi (1560–1635) 来自《犯罪学史》：安东尼奥-玛丽亚-科斯皮（1560-1635 年）

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-65-71

S. N. Khaziev

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On Some Aspects of the Participation of Experts and Specialists in Criminal Proceedings in the Republic of Kazakhstan 关于哈萨克斯坦共和国专家和专业人员参与刑事诉讼的一些问题

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-72-81

K. K. Seitenov, A. Z. Saken

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Patent and Technical Forensic Examination 专利和技术鉴定

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-46-55

Yu. V. Grigor’ev

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On the Essence of Forensic Expert’s Specialized Knowledge and Feasibility of Its Differentiation 论法医专家专业知识的本质及其区分的可行性

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-56-64

B. M. Bishmanov, G. G. Omel’yanyuk

{"title":"On the Essence of Forensic Expert’s Specialized Knowledge and Feasibility of Its Differentiation","authors":"B. M. Bishmanov, G. G. Omel’yanyuk","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-56-64","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-56-64","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents an analysis of the terms «knowledgeable persons» and «forensic expert». Based on the historical analysis of the activities of the «knowledgeable persons» figure and the «expert» figure, a logical sequence of concepts has been established: knowledge – science – knowledgeable persons – knowledgeable persons’ specialized knowledge – expert knowledge – forensic expert’s specialized knowledge – specialized knowledge in an expert specialty – a forensic expert. The authors consider the criteria for differentiating forensic expert’s specialized knowledge into: «expert knowledge», «forensic expert knowledge», «specialized knowledge in an expert specialty». They also propose to distinguish «specialized knowledge» as a legal category. In this case, «forensic expert’s specialized knowledge» is seen as expert knowledge as a result of obtaining forensic expert education and experience in conducting forensic examinations within the framework of its specific type, as well as specialized knowledge in an expert specialty (a specific expert specialty is indicated), which should be understood as expert knowledge, skills and abilities acquired during the development of a specific expert specialty and the subsequent acquisition of professional experience in the production of forensic examinations of a specific type. The feasibility of differentiating forensic expert’s specialized knowledge is analyzed, considering the type of forensic examination in which he specializes. A classification of the names of forensic experts is proposed based on differences in the expertise required to produce a certain kind of forensic examinations.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"102 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139614669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Study of Spontaneity and Preparedness of Oral Speech in Forensic Linguistics: To the Formulation of the Problem 法证语言学中口语的自发性和准备性研究：问题的提出

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-6-11

T. V. Berdnikova

{"title":"The Study of Spontaneity and Preparedness of Oral Speech in Forensic Linguistics: To the Formulation of the Problem","authors":"T. V. Berdnikova","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-6-11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-6-11","url":null,"abstract":"The article considers different approaches to the study of spontaneity and readiness of speech – in linguistics and forensic linguistics.In linguistics, there are two directions of studying the spontaneity and preparedness of sounding speech: the study of the speech flow as a whole and the analysis of speech by language levels. In the first case, the main attention is paid to the ontogenesis of speech thinking, the formation of a person’s communicative competence, as well as the mechanisms of speech generation. In the level-by-level analysis of oral speech, the study of the phonetic level of the language occupies a leading place, while research at other levels of the language is presented unsystematically. In the practice of forensic examination, gradations of sounding speech are determined according to the criterion «prepared speech – unprepared speech». The parameters that are taken into account in the study of sounding speech for the identification of signs of preparedness and spontaneity are established: type (form) of speech; genre in which the speech is performed; age of the speaker; the speaker’s level of education, his professional activity, social status; parameters of the communicative situation: the addresser and the addressee, the relationship between the speaker and the listener, the tone of communication, the purpose, means of communication, the place of communication, etc.; the nature of communication.The author of the present article attempts to develop possible directions for the study of sounding speech in order to determine its spontaneity and preparedness.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"115 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139616237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

The Cognitive Activity of the Forensic Expert: Basic Forms of Thinking and the Problem of Comprehension 法医专家的认知活动：思维的基本形式与理解问题

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-4-12-22

A. Butyrin

引用次数: 0

On the Question of the Applicability of Artificial Intelligence Systems to Forensic Examination of Documents and Their Requisites 论人工智能系统在文件法证检验中的适用性问题及其必要性

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2024-01-12 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-4-28-35

A. F. Kupin, A. S. Kovalenko

{"title":"On the Question of the Applicability of Artificial Intelligence Systems to Forensic Examination of Documents and Their Requisites","authors":"A. F. Kupin, A. S. Kovalenko","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-4-28-35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-4-28-35","url":null,"abstract":"The article describes the possibilities of applying artificial intelligence systems used in a number of tasks arising in the course of law enforcement activities and also beyond them. The author gives examples of solving identification, prediction, and detection problems that are successfully solved using such systems. Based on the analysis of the principles of the construction and functioning of the neural network, which forms the basis of artificial intelligence, as an abstract model created to solve a specific problem, the capabilities of neural networks as a whole are revealed, and thus the features of working with them are demonstrated. The procedure and principles of operation of convolutional neural networks are described and, using their example, the results that can be achieved during forensic handwriting and technical forensic examinations of documents, as well as studies conducted within the framework of forensic expert activities, in particular, the identification of signs of technical forgery of documents (installation, erasure, additions, finishing) are indicated, establishing the facts of the execution of several signatures or handwritten records by one or different performers, establishing the original content of the records, fragments of which have been partially lost or distorted. The prospects and significance of convolutional neural networks are revealed, the use of which in the expert research process makes it possible to increase the scientific validity and objectivity of the conclusions of forensic examination and, thereby, creates prerequisites for increasing its role in proving facts of importance.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":" 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139624167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Topical Issues of Forensic Analysis of Non-Industrialy Manufactured Alcohol-Containing Liquids 非工业生产的含酒精液体的法医分析的专题问题

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-2-6-11

Актуальные вопросы, судебной экспертизы, спиртосодержащих жидкостей, V. V. Egorova

引用次数: 0

Artificial Intelligence in Criminalistics and Forensic Examination: Issues of Legal Personality and Algorithmic Bias 人工智能在刑法学和法医检验中的应用:法律人格和算法偏差问题

Theory and Practice of Forensic Science Pub Date : 2023-08-08 DOI: 10.30764/1819-2785-2023-2-30-37

A. V. Kokin, Y. D. Denisov

{"title":"Artificial Intelligence in Criminalistics and Forensic Examination: Issues of Legal Personality and Algorithmic Bias","authors":"A. V. Kokin, Y. D. Denisov","doi":"10.30764/1819-2785-2023-2-30-37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.30764/1819-2785-2023-2-30-37","url":null,"abstract":"Active development and implementation of artificial intelligence technologies (AI) in various spheres of human activity have started the processes of qualitative change in public relations. This fact necessitates the development of legal and technical standards to regulate AI technologies. In this regard, the most controversial issue is the recognition of AI personality. The analysis of various opinions on the matter shows the lack of a consolidated approach in the existing legal doctrine. Creating the legal status for AI systems would provide for several options depending on its type and purpose – from technical means to the status of an “electronic personality” and recognition as a full-fledged subject of law. Considering the specifics of criminalistics and forensic examination, it is better to position AI systems as technical means. Machine learning is considered a form of AI. It is the use of mathematical data models that enables computer training through specialized algorithms and training data. Algorithms can create or reproduce distortions and inaccuracies unintentionally embedded in the training data, which causes the manifestation of algorithmic bias. To eliminate bias of algorithms it is necessary to pay attention to the quality of training data. The author has developed special methods to prepare such data, which are presented in this article in relation to ballistic identification systems. Also, one of the elements of system technical solutions to the problem of bias of AI algorithms is the development of standards for minimizing unjustified bias in algorithmic solutions.","PeriodicalId":300595,"journal":{"name":"Theory and Practice of Forensic Science","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133083667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1