International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal最新文献

{"title":"Domesticating Representative Democracy: Re-Inventing the People","authors":"G. Agbude","doi":"10.4314/AFRREV.V5I4.69292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/AFRREV.V5I4.69292","url":null,"abstract":"World politics has taken a dimension toward global democratization. An undemocratic state is viewed as not having an objective existence among comity of nations. Thus, there is a global attestation and fraternity with the idea of democracy whether in theory or in reality. This deference for democracy has led to the pretentious display by many nations to be democratic. Obviously, given the nature of the modern societies, Representative democracy becomes the most appropriate form of democracy that nations could embrace in their quest for democratization. However, the peculiar weakness of this form of democracy empowers men of weak moral rectitude to exploit it to the detriment of the people whose consent is germane to the enthronement and practice of democracy. Therefore, this paper proposes Naturalized Democracy which the author considers as the most appropriate form of democracy, beyond Representative democracy. The weakness of Representative democracy is that it venerates and pays attention more to the Representatives while Naturalized democracy focuses on the people and holds the Representatives as stewards of the people.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121861394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Market for Mules: Risk and Compensation of Cross-Border Drug Couriers","authors":"David Bjerk, C. Mason","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1881212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1881212","url":null,"abstract":"This paper uses a unique dataset collected directly from the probable cause narratives filed by federal agents in arrests of individuals caught smuggling drugs though the U.S.-Mexico border to shed light on the cross-border smuggling of drugs from Mexico into the United States. In addition to describing the characteristics of the loads being smuggled into the U.S., we analyze the pay apprehended mules report for attempting to carry their loads across the border to determine whether market forces create a wage premium for differential sentencing risk. Our results reveal that while there is a good deal of unexplained variation in compensation, mules generally appear to be paid compensating wage differentials for loads that carry a higher sentencing risk if detected and for loads that carry an arguably higher likelihood of detection. Our data also reveal that compensation does not appear to be strongly tied to other characteristics of the mule such as gender or citizenship.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123907857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Politics of International Freshwater Resources","authors":"T. Bernauer, Anna Kalbhenn","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1321034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1321034","url":null,"abstract":"Now published as: Bernauer, Thomas, Kalbhenn, Anna. 2009. The Politics of International Freshwater Resources. In: Nayef R.F. Al-Rodhan (ed), Potential Global Strategic Catastrophes: Balancing Transnational Responsibilities and Burden-sharing with Sovereignty and Human Dignity (Berlin: LIT, 2009). Please read and cite the published version. Policy challenges associated with national and international freshwater systems have attracted increasing academic attention in recent years. In practical terms, freshwater is one of humanity’s most valuable and vulnerable natural resources. Surface waters, such as rivers and lakes, which are the most accessible sources for human consumption and use, constitute only a tiny fraction of water on Earth. Only 2.5 percent of global water (1,365 x 10^6 cubic kilometres) is freshwater (i.e., 35 x 10^6 cubic kilometres). Of those 2.5 percent, 0.3 percent is stored in rivers and lakes, 30.8 percent in groundwater, and 68.9 percent in glaciers and permanent snow cover (most of it in inaccessible places, such as Antarctica). Of the approximately 110,000 cubic kilometres of precipitation per year over land, around 42,000 are river runoff. At the end of the Cold War, many policy–makers became more aware of potential non–military threats to international peace and security. In this context, and in view of the UN’s 1992 Rio summit on sustainable development, water issues began to attract considerable public attention. Statements such as “the wars of the next century will be over water” (Ismail Serageldin, former vice president of the World Bank) started to make headlines. Some academics jumped on the bandwagon. Hughes Butts, for example, states that “History is replete with examples of violent conflict over water, from competition for desert oases and water holes to the battles between the Mesopotamian cities of Lagash and Umma in 4500 B.C., to the fighting between Syria and Israel over Syria's attempts to appropriate the headwaters of the Jordan River in the 1960s”. The “water wars” argument has also gained ground in the context of the recent debate on climate change and problems in the global food supply. One out of six people on Earth does not currently have adequate access to safe freshwater. By the middle of the 21st century, up to three quarters of the world’s population could experience serious water scarcity – most studies regard 1000 cubic meters per year per person as a threshold below which it becomes very difficult to cover basic needs for drinking, hygiene and food. In this paper, we review key contributions to social sciences literature on international freshwater issues. This literature has exposed serious flaws in the water wars argument, but has also produced many useful insights into the conditions under which water allocation and pollution problems lead to cooperation or conflict and how key problems could be dealt with. We focus on international freshwater issues, and on contributions by political scientis","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128390893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Changing Structure and Governance of Intellectual Property Enforcement","authors":"E. T. Biadgleng, Viviana Munoz Tellez","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.1210622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.1210622","url":null,"abstract":"This research paper provides a broad overview and analysis of the changing multilateral framework for intellectual property enforcement and the challenges it presents for developing countries. It examines the current multilateral obligations and traces developments in the field of intellectual property enforcement in multilateral fora, including the World Customs Organization (WCO), the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the World Trade Organization (WTO) and Interpol. It analyses the approach of the United States and European Union to strengthening intellectual property enforcement in third countries through regional, bilateral and unilateral mechanisms such as regional and bilateral trade agreements. Finally, it provides policy recommendations for developing countries.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"52 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129095758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Networks and Nations: The Interplay of Transnational Networks and Domestic Institutions in China's Chip Design Industry","authors":"Douglas B. Fuller","doi":"10.1504/IJTM.2010.033804","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJTM.2010.033804","url":null,"abstract":"Using China's semiconductor design industry as a case, this article examines the claims made by global production network (GPN) and transnational technology community (TTC) scholars that transnational networks are driving technological development in emerging economies. Due to co-ethnic transnational technology networks and the politics of finance, China's firms experience distinct patterns of performance not well explained by either of these transnational network theories. The network explanations do not go far enough in recognising the domestic environment's importance in its interaction with transnational structures in determining the possibilities for development. This article argues that the state's relationship to firms structures the opportunities of financing for the firms thereby impacting their technological development behaviour. One type of firm, the hybrid foreign invested enterprise, combines foreign finance with commitment to China to drive China's technological development. Other firms, particularly those closely tied to the Chinese state, contribute less or even negatively to China's development.","PeriodicalId":300155,"journal":{"name":"International Institutions: Transnational Networks eJournal","volume":"111 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122904929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}