European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation最新文献

{"title":"The utilisation of deep brain reorienting (DBR) in the treatment of two clients with dissociative identity disorder (DID)","authors":"Anna Gerge","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100579","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100579","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To (i) describe how the deep brain reorienting (DBR) theory can be applied in understanding the development of dissociative identity disorder (DID) and (ii) describe the implementation of the DBR method in two single cases with clients with DID.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of deep brain reorienting psychotherapy (DBR) related to the DBR theory as a lens of understanding of the development and treatment of DID, exemplified with two single-case vignettes of clients presenting DID. In the first part of the paper, the theory of DBR is briefly discussed in relation to the development of DID, a condition where severe relational trauma and adjacent childhood traumatisation is hypothesized to be connected to the development of the symptomatology. In the second part, two single-case studies with two DID-clients diagnosed with SCID-D aim to provide initial evidence of how clients with DID experienced and responded to DBR therapy as part of longer phase specific therapies. The client of case I was treated with 30 DBR sessions and the client of case II was treated with 70 DBR sessions. Their pre- and post-DBR treatment measures consisted of instruments to measure PTSD and complex PTSD symptoms, psychoform and somatoform dissociation, general symptomatology, and access to positive states of mind. The outcome measures were assessed through percentage of nonoverlapping data (PND) a nonparametric measure used to assess the effectiveness of interventions in single-case experimental designs (SCEDs). The clients also provided verbal and written statements regarding their experiences during and after the DBR intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>After the introduction of DBR in their therapies, when measured by the posttraumatic checklist (PCL-5), the international trauma questionnaire (ITQ), the somatoform dissociation questionnaire (SDQ-5), the Dissociative Experiences Scale II (DES-II), the DES-taxon (DES-T), the Symptom Checklist–90 revised (SCL–90-R), the symptomatology of client I was significantly lowered on all measures apart from the SDQ-5 when analysed with PND. For client II the measurements on PCL-5, SDQ-5 and SCL-90-R were significantly lowered. Their self-assessed positive states of mind, measured with the PSOM-scale, were heightened. Both clients expressed that DBR was a valuable treatment modality through their summarized verbal and written statements.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>After 30 respectively during 70 DBR sessions, the clients' dissociation and comorbid symptoms decreased significantly, as measured by self-assessments measures and analysed with PND. Thus, a preliminary cautious enthusiasm is reasonable. Clients with DID may benefit from DBR. Future research is required to address generalizability to a larger population of dissociative clients. To examine whether DBR can be a treatment of choice for highly dissociative clients, includi","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100579"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood trauma is associated with theory of mind deficits in obsessive-compulsive disorder","authors":"Tamini Soondrum ,&nbsp;Jie Fan ,&nbsp;Feng Gao ,&nbsp;Xiang Wang ,&nbsp;Qian Liu ,&nbsp;Yao Liu ,&nbsp;Jingjie Lu ,&nbsp;Quanhao Yu ,&nbsp;Hongyu Du ,&nbsp;Xiongzhao Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100581","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100581","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Previous studies have shown that social impairments such as Theory of Mind (ToM) may be influenced by childhood trauma (CT), however the extent to which CT influence ToM ability, and whether OCD patients with CT are more vulnerable to ToM deficits than healthy controls (HC) have never been established. Therefore, this study attempts to understand the effect of CT on ToM ability in OCD.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>81 OCD patients and 108 healthy controls were included in this study. ToM deficits were assessed on four dimensions, namely first and second order affective and cognitive ToM. The effect of CT on ToM deficits was assessed using the 2 × 2 Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVAs) and the hierarchical regression.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Simple effect analysis revealed a positive effect of CT&gt;No CT in OCD and effect of OCD&gt;HC in CT for both affective and cognitive second-order ToM deficits. Within the OCD group, emotional abuse was found to have an effect on affective ToM deficits (<em>p</em> = .028) and sexual abuse on cognitive ToM deficits (<em>p</em> = .040).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Only OCD patients with CT showed deficits on second order cognitive and affective ToM and emotional and sexual abuse were the most influential CT subtypes on second-order ToM deficits in OCD.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100581"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of crisis events on the family and technologies of psychological support to overcome the consequences","authors":"Tetiana Pashko ,&nbsp;Olesia Tovstukha ,&nbsp;Liliia Chernovska ,&nbsp;Inessa Serhieieva ,&nbsp;Olha Chumak","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The ongoing war in Ukraine has triggered a large-scale humanitarian crisis, severely affecting the structure and well-being of families. The disruption of family roles, prolonged separation, and psychological trauma have created long-term consequences for both adults and children.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>The aim of this study was to identify the key consequences of the humanitarian crisis for Ukrainian families and to develop evidence-based recommendations for psychosocial support.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The research combined a survey of families affected by the war in Ukraine with a content analysis of relevant literature. The sample included families who directly experienced the impact of displacement, loss, and social instability.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study revealed significant changes in family dynamics, including role confusion due to loss of employment or physical injury, emotional disconnection caused by prolonged separation, and an increased risk of relationship breakdown. Children were identified as particularly vulnerable, with symptoms such as emotional instability, academic decline, and, in some cases, severe psychological disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) emerged as a central challenge, influencing communication patterns, emotional availability, and behavior within families. The study also systematized effective technologies for crisis recovery, including individual and family therapy, online counseling, and the use of digital self-help tools.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The findings highlight the urgent need for targeted psychosocial interventions for families affected by war. Practical recommendations include the development of adaptable support programmes that address trauma, preserve family cohesion, and promote emotional resilience across different family structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100580"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144662077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Le retraitement des mémoires implicites dans la prise en charge de l’enfant adopté et sa famille: regards croisés de la thérapie des États du moi et de l’EMDR","authors":"Virginie Dhaese","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100576","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100576","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Cet article propose une réflexion clinique sur l’articulation entre la thérapie des États du Moi (TEM) et la thérapie E.M.D.R (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) dans le cadre de l’accompagnement d’un enfant adopté et de sa famille. Il explore l’impact potentiel des mémoires implicites non intégrées, susceptibles de fragiliser le système intra-individuel de l’enfant ainsi que les dynamiques systémiques intrafamiliales.</div></div><div><h3>Méthode:</h3><div>A travers une approche intégrative, le cas clinique de Meghan et sa famille illustre comment la combinaison de la thérapie E.M.D.R et la TEM peuvent soutenir, de manière complémentaire, les processus de stabilisation, de réparation des liens intra et interindividuels, ainsi que l’intégration des expériences précoces traumatiques.</div></div><div><h3>Résultat</h3><div>L’intégration des mémoires implicites permet à Meghan de se libérer des comportements et émotions débordantes qu’elle vit avec une forme de « soudaineté » et une intensité non contrôlée. Elle peut, ainsi, mobiliser les ressources pour s’autoréguler, mieux appréhender les relations avec les autres et avec elle-même.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Le travail thérapeutique mené avec l’enfant et sa famille, à travers l’E.M.D.R et la TEM, semble encourager un processus d’intégration des expériences traumatiques précoces. Cette dynamique se manifeste notamment par une cohérence autobiographique narrative intra-et inter-individuelle, d’une part et une régulation émotionnelle, plus adaptée, à l’ici et le maintenant.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100576"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144665956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detention and psychological trauma during Gazacide: A qualitative study","authors":"Bilal Hamamra ,&nbsp;Fayez Mahamid ,&nbsp;Dana Bdier ,&nbsp;Asala Mayaleh","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100575","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100575","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the detention, torture, and mistreatment of Palestinians following the events of October 7, 2023. The research involved 30 male detainees from Gaza. By July 2024, the number of detainees had doubled within a year, highlighting the Israeli deliberate strategy to suppress Palestinian resistance and instill pervasive fear among Palestinians. This research analyzes the physical and psychological abuse inflicted on detainees, including sexual violence, sensory deprivation, and prolonged isolation. Furthermore, the study explores the secondary trauma experienced by detainees' families, exacerbating social and economic pressures within Palestinian communities. Despite substantial evidence of human rights violations, international responses remain inadequate, allowing these Israeli abuses of Palestinian detainees to continue unchecked. However, the resilience of detainees through various coping mechanisms, such as community support and personal resilience strategies, offers a glimpse of hope. This research highlights the urgent need for enhanced international intervention, comprehensive mental health support, and robust accountability measures to address and mitigate the enduring trauma and genocidal actions perpetrated through arbitrary detention and torture in Gaza.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100575"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trajectories of spontaneous trauma recovery","authors":"Beatriz Barbas Marques Pereira ,&nbsp;Ana Catarina Nunes da Silva","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100573","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100573","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The research on trauma has focused on the negative impact of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) and its treatment. However, recent research has shed light on other possible trajectories after a person has experienced a PTE. One of the least studied of those trajectories is recovery without therapy or pharmacology.</div><div>This qualitative research explores how this trajectory is experienced and perceived, with particular attention to the factors that participants identify as having significantly influenced their recovery.</div><div>Eleven participants were interviewed. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis, and three main domains emerged: (1) Traumatic Event, (2) Process of recovery and (3) After recovery. Participants identified twenty-four factors that contributes positively to the recovery, some of the most mentioned were Social Support, Strong need to go back to normal life, believing that they are going to get better.</div><div>Prevent and be better prepared if it happens again, informing about trauma and how to recover, Distraction and Time without stressors to process the Traumatic Event. Seven factors that contributed negatively to the recovery were also described, the most referred was Negative reactions when sharing the traumatic event.</div><div>This result contributes to a deeper understanding of the trauma victims experience, as well as the recognition of the individuals’ adaptive resources. It can inform the identification and enhancement of resources that support the prevention and support of trauma survivors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144655448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High incidence of trauma-related psychopathology in Lebanese expatriates after the Beirut explosion","authors":"Gaëlle Rached ,&nbsp;Dimitri Fiani ,&nbsp;Muriel Slim ,&nbsp;Serena-Maria Dib ,&nbsp;Alfred Chabbouh ,&nbsp;Margarita Abi Zeid Daou ,&nbsp;Souraya Torbey","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100578","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100578","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Beirut explosion on August 4, 2020, was one of the most powerful explosions in history. Research on expatriate populations is limited in general and there have been no investigations into the impact of the explosion on expatriate mental health. Our goal is to investigate the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Lebanese expatriates following the Beirut explosion. The survey study included 1117 participants recruited nine months after the explosion. Participants completed the Hopkins Symptoms Checklist (HSCL-25) to screen for anxiety and depression and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) to assess the prevalence of PTSD. Of the 670 participants eligible, 41.2 % scored above the threshold for symptomatic anxiety and depression. Younger age, female sex, and presence in Lebanon during the explosion were associated with higher HSCL-25 scores. Of the 268 participants who completed the PCL-5, 57.5 % screened positive for probable PTSD. Female sex, younger age, and perceiving the explosion as intentional were associated with higher PCL-5 scores. Expatriates are prone to developing psychiatric symptoms following a traumatic event in their home country, regardless of direct exposure to the trauma or the length of time since they left their home country.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100578"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144605416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A literature search of psychological trauma related outcome measures for adult mental health services","authors":"Runa Dawood ,&nbsp;Amanda Zambon Marques da Silva ,&nbsp;Ana Dulce Collado Vasques Marques dos Reis","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100577","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100577","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>It is important to measure the impact of psychological trauma within mental health services designed to treat individuals after traumatic experiences. However, there are challenges in capturing the impact of trauma and the recovery from it accurately whilst also considering patient preferences and expectations. This study aims to explore the range of pre-existing outcome measures of trauma symptomatology and determine the relative prevalence of these measures within related research. This is addressed through systematically searching literature for outcome measures available in the assessment of psychological trauma symptomatology across adult mental health populations. Databases Medline, CINAHL and PsychInfo were searched to find papers that described the use of measures within psychological trauma-specific outcome research. 228 articles were found after the exclusion criteria were applied. The most prevalence trauma-specific outcome measures utilised within the evidence base were versions of the Post-Traumatic Disorder Checklist (PCL) and the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS). Non-trauma specific measures were also identified within this sample. This paper lists both trauma-specific and non-trauma specific measures found in order of prevalence. Consideration is given to the most frequent measures found. These findings provide insight into gold-standard measures for services wishing to implement outcome measures that will meaningfully capture recovery amongst trauma survivors.</div><div>Practitioner points</div><div>• The impact of trauma has challenges in its conceptualisation and measurement, and additional attention is needed to ensure that services are capturing helpful treatment outcomes.</div><div>• Key measures used within trauma-specific research include gold standard PTSD and CPTSD measures as well as non-specific trauma measures.</div><div>• Reviewing the measures most used in trauma research highlights the areas of most critical change within recovery after trauma therapy and therefore provides valuable insights into how service evaluation can capture meaningful change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100577"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144588628","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Refugees: An examination of the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder NICE guidelines","authors":"Hannah Sansom","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100574","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100574","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this review is to consider whether the NICE guidelines for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can appropriately guide professionals in meeting the needs of refugees, through evaluation, assessment and treatment. In particular, the limited consideration for culture within the guidelines is explored. Of key importance is that the NICE guidelines are based on the diagnostic model of PTSD, which may fail to appreciate the broader ways in which refugees may understand their traumatic experiences, and wish to address the impacts. Furthermore, there is a clear gap in literature concerning PTSD treatment for refugees (Lee &amp; Bowles, 2023). Arguably, this brings into question the validity of the treatment recommendations within the NICE guidelines, for refugees. More broadly, within the global context, the application of western-based mental disorders has been disputed based on the cultural, and philosophical differences, varying interpretations of life and different traditions in relation to expressing distress and seeking support (Summerfield, 2013). This paper suggests that the NICE guidelines fail to consider the depth and complexity of the role of culture within trauma and recommend insufficient flexibility with regards to the mode of treatment delivery, including a lack of consideration for native and culturally grounded methods of intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100574"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Arousal Modulation Model Questionnaire (AMMQ): Development, validation, and transdiagnostic applications","authors":"Fabio D’Antoni ,&nbsp;Alessio Matiz ,&nbsp;Cristiano Crescentini","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trauma emerges as a significant etiological factor associated with a wide range of psychopathologies, including anxiety, mood disorders, impulse dysregulation, psychosis, substance dependence, personality disorders, conduct issues, and suicidal behavior. Furthermore, trauma plays a central role in somatoform and alexithymic disorders, eating disorders, and self-injurious behaviors. Additionally, trauma is linked to the development of various physical health conditions such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and inflammatory diseases, as well as cancer. Thus, the negative health consequences of trauma extend beyond PTSD and often manifest in personalized, polysymptomatic, and polysyndromic ways, suggesting the utility of adopting transdiagnostic approaches.</div><div>This study focuses on validating the Arousal Modulation Model Questionnaire (AMMQ), grounded in Ogden and Minton's Arousal Modulation Model originating from Siegel's concept of the Window of Tolerance. The validation process encompasses multiple facets of questionnaire validation, including construct validity, reliability, and other psychometric properties.</div><div>Participants included a sample of 304 individuals recruited for this study, with a mean age of 39.36 years (SD = 12.88). Although participants may have experienced one or more traumatic events in their lives, they were currently not under the care of the National Health Service Psychiatry Centers.</div><div>Construct validity of the AMMQ was assessed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.</div><div>Initial exploratory factor analysis revealed a coherent factor structure consistent with theoretical expectations derived from the Arousal Modulation Model, yielding four distinct factors: \"Optimal Arousal Zone\" (OAZ, 7 items), \"Fight/Flight\" (FF, 4 items), Freeze (Fr, 6 items), and \"Feigned Death\" (FD, 5 items). Subsequent confirmatory factor analysis supported this structure, demonstrating excellent model fit (χ²(203) = 381.738, <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001; CFI = 0.94; TLI = 0.93; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.05).</div><div>Internal consistency was high, with a mean categorical omega (ω) of 0.83 across all subscales, supporting the reliability of the AMMQ.</div><div>Convergent validity was assessed by examining the associations between each AMMQ subscale and a set of established external measures. The Optimal Arousal Zone (OAZ) subscale showed strong positive correlations with all dimensions of psychological well-being (PWB-SF) and negative correlations with emotional distress (DASS-21), dissociation (DES-II). Conversely, all three dysregulation subscales—Fight-or-Flight (FF), Freeze (Fr), and Feigned Death (FD)—were positively associated with anxiety, depression, stress, and dissociation, as well as with increased autonomic reactivity measured by the BPQ-22 (all <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). The AMMQ test-retest reliability was also good (0.83).</div><div>Overall, the validation results suggest that the A","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"9 3","pages":"Article 100564"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}