European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation最新文献

{"title":"Adverse childhood experiences emerging from binge-eating patients’ reports on acceptance and undervaluation: A qualitative investigation","authors":"João Luiz Coelho Ferro ,&nbsp;Giovanna Moreira Gonçalves ,&nbsp;Jônatas de Oliveira","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100620","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100620","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been consistently associated with emotional dysregulation and maladaptive coping strategies, including disordered eating. While international research has explored these links extensively, Brazilian studies remain scarce, particularly those employing qualitative methods capable of capturing lived experiences.</div></div><div><h3>Aims</h3><div>This study sought to explore how perceived acceptance and undervaluation during childhood are associated with body image concerns and eating behaviors in adulthood among patients with eating disorders (EDs).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Six Brazilian patients currently undergoing treatment for EDs participated in semi-structured online interviews. Thematic analysis was applied inductively to identify recurrent patterns and shared meanings in participants’ narratives.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Six themes were identified: (1) disapproval and inappropriateness, (2) Disregard and self-worth, (3) Neglect, exclusion, and adversity, (4) Unwanted bodies and stigma, (5) ED behaviors: control and avoidance, and (6) Psychosocial burden of EDs. Across the six participants, emotional abuse was reported four times, emotional neglect three times, physical neglect twice, and school bullying three times. Participants emphasized how non-acceptance and undervaluation, often experienced within families and peer groups, shaped their relationships with food and body image. Dieting emerged as a mechanism tied not only to health concerns but also to social validation, reinforcing cycles of shame, self-objectification, and maladaptive regulation of emotions.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The findings reveal that disordered eating cannot be understood as a mere cluster of symptoms but as deeply rooted strategies for managing overwhelming emotions and reconstructing self-worth in the aftermath of early adversity. Experiences of body shaming, neglect, and rejection appear to intensify internalized stigma and sustain dysfunctional schemas, while dieting behaviors function as attempts to regain control or achieve social acceptance.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This qualitative inquiry provides novel insights into the intersection of adverse childhood experiences, body image, and disordered eating in Brazil. Despite the small sample size, the results underscore the importance of integrating patients’ life histories into therapeutic approaches and targeting acceptance, valuation, and compassion in treatment. Future studies with larger and more diverse samples are warranted to refine these findings and expand their clinical applicability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100620"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145665317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vicarious post-traumatic growth in health professionals facing their patients’ end of life","authors":"David Faggi,&nbsp;Gabriella Aprea,&nbsp;Chiara Fioretti","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Numerous studies have highlighted that the death of a patient and contact with terminal illness can be considered traumatic experiences with a high emotional impact for healthcare professionals. The present study aims to investigate whether exposure to death and end-of-life situations may contribute to the development of vicarious Post-Traumatic Growth in healthcare workers holding different professional roles within the medical field.</div><div>Fifteen healthcare professionals (13 females; Mean age = 49 years (SD=10.6); mean years of service=12.4 (SD=9.8)) participated in this study. They were 1 physician, 4 nurses, 6 psychotherapists and 4 social workers; 5 of them were employed in hospitals, 4 in hospice and 6 in domiciliary care. All professionals were asked to narrate through a semi-structured questionnaire their experiences related to grief and terminal illness in patients with cancer or chronic disease.</div><div>The collected narratives were analyzed using an inductive, reflexive thematic analysis, with a theory-informed interpretation. The results highlighted four themes related to experiences of Post-Traumatic Growth among the professionals: Caregiving as witnessing and mission; Learning to live with death anxiety; Personal vulnerability and resources; Authentic communication with terminally ill patients.</div><div>The authors discuss the results, considering clinical implications and the potential role of post-traumatic growth in protecting healthcare professionals from distress and psychological suffering due to daily contact with death and dying.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100646"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of trauma-focused-cognitive behavioral therapy on comorbid symptoms in preschool children: A systematic literature review","authors":"Villard Philippine ,&nbsp;Soubelet Andréa ,&nbsp;Ferrandez Sébastien ,&nbsp;Askenazy Florence","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This systematic review evaluates the efficacy of trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) in treating comorbid symptoms in preschool-aged children exposed to traumatic events.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Following PRISMA guidelines, five databases were systematically searched to identify articles (ProQuest, PubMed, Cochrane, Sage, Scopus) and 19 studies were included (<em>N</em> = 3437).</div></div><div><h3>Main findings</h3><div>Strong to moderate evidence supports the efficacy of TF-CBT–based interventions in reducing internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression, dissociation), particularly when core components targeting emotion regulation, avoidance, and caregiver co-regulation are preserved. Evidence for externalizing symptoms (e.g., oppositionality, inappropriate sexual behaviors) was more heterogeneous and dependent on the intensity of caregiver-mediated behavioral components. In contrast, evidence for neurodevelopmental symptoms such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was limited, indicating that TF-CBT does not consistently target core executive and attentional processes underlying these difficulties.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings highlight the importance of developmentally informed, caregiver-centered, and process-based approaches when addressing comorbidity in trauma-exposed preschool-aged children. Further well-powered randomized controlled trials focusing on comorbid outcomes in preschool-aged children are needed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100641"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147395538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preliminary treatment outcomes of transition-aged youth receiving cognitive processing therapy for PTSD: A brief report","authors":"Talia Tissera ,&nbsp;Emily E. Levitt ,&nbsp;Jenna E. Boyd ,&nbsp;Jennifer Hewitt ,&nbsp;Jennifer Ip ,&nbsp;Fan Rosenau ,&nbsp;Taylor Hatchard","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) being prevalent among transition-aged youth (aged 17–25), they face barriers to accessing treatment and have few therapy options tailored to their needs. Therefore, the purpose of this preliminary pilot feasibility study was to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of a 12-session Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) group for 25 transition-aged youth (aged 18–25) with PTSD. Participants completed measures of PTSD symptoms, secondary mental health outcomes (e.g., depression), and substance use and impulsivity at baseline, post-intervention, and 4-week follow-up. Group engagement was measured at post-intervention, and dropout rates were recorded. Generalized Estimating Equations were used to model the effects of the intervention on outcomes between Each timepoint. Results indicated significant decreases in PTSD symptoms χ2 (1) = 17.90, <em>p</em> &lt;.001 and key secondary outcomes, such as depression χ2 (1) = 8.78, <em>p</em> = .012. Group engagement was moderate <em>M</em> = 3.4 out of 6, <em>SD</em> = 1.6 and dropout (48%) was higher than in other CPT interventions but comparable to youth mental health interventions broadly. Youth who did not complete the group had significantly higher PTSD symptoms at baseline <em>t</em>(23) = 2.16, <em>p</em> = .041 and were significantly younger than youth who completed the group <em>t</em>(23) = 2.43, <em>p</em> = .024. These preliminary findings indicate that group-based CPT may be an effective low-barrier intervention for transition-aged youth with low-severity PTSD. Further research with larger samples and a control condition is warranted.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100636"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145977378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A grounded theory of attachment processes in EMDR for psychosis","authors":"Bobby Cramp ,&nbsp;Susannah Colbert ,&nbsp;Emma Hartley","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Disruptions in early attachment experiences have been associated with greater risk for the development of psychosis. Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) has been found effective in supporting individuals with psychosis to make sense of and heal from adverse experience, while improving attachment security.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>This research approached psychosis as a dissociative response to early attachment trauma and sought to identify processes between attachment and EMDR that might promote recovery from psychosis.</div></div><div><h3>Basic procedures</h3><div>Seven participants who had received EMDR for psychosis were recruited and completed two attachment screening measures before taking part in a semi structured interview. The interviews were analysed using the Glaser and Strauss (1967) qualitative grounded theory approach to inductively discover theory from the data. This was approached from a critical realist perspective, and a clear model emerged from the data.</div></div><div><h3>Findings</h3><div>The model highlighted the role of relationships with therapists and wider supporting mental health team through the EMDR process that encouraged a reconnection with a sense of self and reconnection with others. EMDR processes and improvements in relationships contributed to a reduction in psychosis, greater sense of connection and felt support, personal growth and a sense of distance from trauma in recovery that allowed a return to normal day to day activities. Clinical implications, limitations and future research were considered.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100647"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146188462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the mediating roles of insomnia and emotion regulation in the relationship between nightmares and dissociative experiences","authors":"Shiva Mayeli,&nbsp;Hoda Doosalivand,&nbsp;Banafsheh Mohajerin","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Dissociative experiences are increasingly conceptualized as a transdiagnostic phenomenon. Sleep-related processes—particularly nightmares, which are affectively intense and REM-related—have been implicated in dissociation through pathways such as emotion regulation difficulties and insomnia severity. This study, therefore, examined whether emotion regulation difficulties and insomnia severity mediate the association between nightmare distress and dissociative experiences.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Adults from Tehran (<em>N</em> = 378) completed the Nightmare Distress Questionnaire (NDQ), Dissociative Experiences Scale–II (DES-II), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale–16 (DERS-16), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Structural equation modeling (SEM) evaluated whether emotion regulation and insomnia severity mediated the nightmare–dissociation association; indirect effects were tested with 2000 bootstrap resamples.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The structural equation model showed acceptable fit. Nightmare distress strongly predicted dissociation and was also associated with both emotion regulation difficulties and insomnia severity. Emotion regulation difficulties, in turn, had a small but significant association with dissociation, whereas insomnia severity did not. Mediation analysis indicated a significant indirect effect through emotion regulation but not through insomnia. The model explained 46 % of the variance in dissociation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides novel evidence that difficulties in emotion regulation partly explain the association between nightmare distress and dissociative experiences, whereas insomnia severity contributes little to this link. These findings highlight the primacy of affective and REM-related processes in dissociation, underscoring the need for future longitudinal and experimental research using objective sleep measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100622"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the relationship between adverse childhood experiences, moral injury and social support in a clinical sample of UK military veterans","authors":"Marina Beckwith ,&nbsp;David Turgoose ,&nbsp;Gary Latchford ,&nbsp;Dominic Murphy","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100623","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Increased exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is noted amongst military veterans, who also face unique occupational stressors during military service. Veterans are at increased risk of exposure to potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIE) and Moral Injury.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>To explore the relationship between ACEs and Moral Injury in a sample of UK treatment-seeking veterans.</div></div><div><h3>Participants and Setting</h3><div>428 treatment-seeking veterans who accessed veterans’ mental health charity Combat Stress between 2019–2020 completed a patient experience survey.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey data previously collected by Combat Stress explored the relationship between ACEs and Moral Injury using linear regression analysis. Further correlational analysis explored associations between ACEs, Moral Injury and social support.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The majority of respondents experienced at least one ACE (74.6 %), with 35 % classed as high risk (4+ ACEs). Over half (57.1 %) reported exposure to a PMIE. ACEs were associated with Moral Injury (r[239] = 0.207, <em>p</em>&lt;.001), with Personal Abuse ACEs explaining 4.4 % of the variance in Moral Injury scores (<em>F</em>(1239) = 11.086, <em>p</em> = .001, 95 % CI [29.30, 33.35]). 72.2 % of respondents reported low perceived social support, with social support being negatively correlated with both ACEs and Moral Injury.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>ACEs may be a vulnerability factor increasing the risk of Moral Injury following experience of PMIEs during military service.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100623"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145683754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic polymorphisms associated with posttraumatic stress disorder after natural disaster exposure: a systematic review","authors":"Thelma Beatriz González-Castro ,&nbsp;Jorge Arias de Dios ,&nbsp;Jorge Luis Hernández-Vicencio ,&nbsp;Daina Pérez-Ramírez ,&nbsp;Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop ,&nbsp;Yazmín Hernández-Díaz ,&nbsp;Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza ,&nbsp;Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate ,&nbsp;María Lilia López-Narváez","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Posttraumatic stress disorder involves multiple genetic and environmental factors. Hurricanes, floods and earthquakes have been the most studied natural disasters over the years, due to the magnitude of the trauma they generate. It is, therefore, essential to clearly identify the risk polymorphisms which may potentially lead to PTSD among disaster survivors. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review of the literature to provide an overview of the relationship between genetic polymorphisms and PTSD risk in order to better understand post-disaster PTSD vulnerability. The literature search was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus databases. Eligibility review, data extraction, and quality assessment were performed by two authors. The methodological quality of the included studies was carefully assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). Twenty-seven studies were included in this qualitative systematic review. The total number of participants across all studies was 21,213 individuals, comprising 17,799 PTSD patients and 3414 healthy controls. The majority of studies focused on earthquakes as the traumatic event. A total of 38 polymorphisms across 21 genes were reported as significantly altered in PTSD (SLC6A4, RGS2, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4, CRHR1, CRHR2, ESR1, RORA, BDNF, GHRL, HCRTR1, COMT, DBH, ADCYAP1R1, OXTR, FKBP5, GHSR, TNF-RII, NPY2R, and NPY5R). This study provides a broad and detailed overview of risk genes for post-disaster PTSD</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100629"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145925868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Childhood trauma and emotion regulation as predictors of dissociative experiences in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder: A comparative study","authors":"Ali Mohammadzadeh,&nbsp;Fariba Shahnazi,&nbsp;Somayeh Gholizadeh","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>While both childhood trauma and maladaptive emotion regulation are linked to dissociative experiences, their relative importance may vary across psychiatric disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><div>This comparative study aimed to investigate the predictive roles of childhood trauma and emotion regulation strategies on dissociative experiences in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Employing a cross-sectional, comparative design, a total of 167 participants (78 with schizophrenia and 89 with major depressive disorder) were recruited from clinical settings. Participants completed standardized self-report measures: the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES-II), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), and the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). Data were analyzed using bivariate correlations and multiple regression analyses.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Levels of dissociative experiences were significantly higher in the schizophrenia group. In both clinical groups, dissociative experiences showed significant positive correlations with childhood trauma and maladaptive emotion regulation. However, the predictive patterns differed between the groups. Multiple regression analyses revealed that in schizophrenia, maladaptive emotion regulation (β = .47) was the strongest predictor of dissociation. In contrast, for major depressive disorder, childhood trauma (β = .66) emerged as the dominant predictor. While both childhood trauma and emotion regulation deficits are significant transdiagnostic predictors of dissociation, their relative contributions differ across disorders.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>The findings support a dual-pathway model: in schizophrenia, dissociation may primarily reflect a breakdown in cognitive-emotional integration, whereas in major depressive disorder, it may function more as a secondary defense against trauma-related affective overload.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100632"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unseen burden: A gender-based study of trauma reactions in university students in Pakistan","authors":"Samia Rani ,&nbsp;Sadia Saleem","doi":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ejtd.2026.100637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A survey on trauma reactions was carried out among 830 university students from private and government sector universities.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>The indigenous Trauma Reactions Scale developed by Rani and Saleem (2025) was used to collect data. 45 items were designed to determine the prevalence of mental health issues associated with traumatic life events in university students.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>This scale consists of four subscales <em>emotion dysregulation, social withdrawal, depersonalization, and intolerance.</em> For demonstration of overall results, the authors suggest that scores falling above one SD should be considered as indicative of severe problems, whereas scores about 2 SD represent very severe problems.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The findings revealed that most men were experiencing a moderate (20 %) level of trauma reactions, followed by severe (14 %), mild (9 %), and very severe (6 %). Furthermore, the women fall into the following categories 7 % mild, 15 % moderate, 19 % severe, and 9 % very severe. The results revealed that men fell into a mild to moderate, and women fell into the severe to very severe psychosocial stress reaction to trauma. Ordinal logistic regression reveals that the gender is statistically significant predictor of trauma reaction, but the symptoms of trauma reactions are almost similar in across gender.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>These findings are consistent with other similar studies on the mental health of university students. The role of variables such as sample characteristics, the measure used, and cultural and contextual factors is discussed in determining rates, as well as their implications for student counseling services in prevention and intervention.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":29932,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation","volume":"10 1","pages":"Article 100637"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146037789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}