Bioelectricity最新文献

{"title":"Calcium Signaling Hacking by MILD Electroporation: A Novel Approach for Bioelectronic Medicine.","authors":"Leslie Vallet, Antoni Ivorra","doi":"10.1177/25763113251401800","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25763113251401800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrical stimulation has expanded beyond excitable tissues, with bioelectronic medicine exploring new therapeutic avenues. We propose a novel paradigm: continuously repeated electroporation to induce controlled Ca²⁺ influx and modulate cellular functions. Given the central role of Ca²⁺ as a second messenger tightly regulated by homeostatic mechanisms, transient permeabilization via electric fields enables perturbation of intracellular Ca²⁺ dynamics, influencing processes such as proliferation, differentiation, metabolism, and cell death. We define \"MILD electroporation\" as a process involving prolonged or repetitive mild membrane permeabilization induced by electric fields that facilitates calcium entry without causing direct cell death. At 5^th World Congress on Electroporation and Pulsed Electric Fields in Biology, Medicine, and Food & Environmental Technologies, we presented <i>in vitro</i> evidence showing that specific electric field waveforms elicit Ca²⁺ oscillations in stem cells, modulating gene expression and promoting proliferation. We also presented preliminary results suggesting that burst-modulated alternating fields may slow cancer cell proliferation.</p>","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":"8 1","pages":"59-66"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13165814/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147933917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Pulsed Electric Fields in Algal and Bacterial Cocultures: Investigating Bacterial Responses and Purity of Algal Protein Extract.","authors":"Kamile Jonynaite, Arunas Stirke, Wolfgang Frey, Christian Gusbeth","doi":"10.1177/25763113251403451","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25763113251403451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology shows promise for microbial control in biorefinery applications. However, its effectiveness in mixed cultures remains poorly understood. This study investigated the differential effects of PEF treatment on bacterial inactivation and algal protein preservation in a coculture of <i>Chlorella vulgaris</i> algae and <i>Delftia</i> sp. bacteria.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Algal and bacterial viable cell counts and viability were quantified using flow cytometry with differential fluorescent staining (SYTO 9, YO-PRO-1, fluorescein diacetate [FDA]), bacterial growth was monitored spectrophotometrically at 600 nm, protein extraction was determined by modified Lowry assay, protein profiles analyzed by SDS-PAGE, and extract antimicrobial activity was assessed by agar diffusion and growth inhibition assays. We compared PEF treatments at two energy levels (4 and 100 J/mL) against high-pressure homogenization (HPH) as a control, with assessments at different growth phases (days 1, 3, and 7).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>While PEF consistently inactivated >95% of algal cells, regardless of the growth phase, bacterial inactivation varied significantly, with maximum susceptibility on day 3 (70-80% mortality) when bacteria entered the starvation phase. Unexpectedly, on day 7, PEF treatment of cocultures led to bacterial proliferation, with viable counts increasing up to 4-fold compared with untreated controls. Analysis of algal extracts showed no antimicrobial activity against bacteria, and instead supported bacterial proliferation, suggesting that cellular disruption releases compounds that can be metabolized by surviving bacteria. Furthermore, while PEF preserved the integrity of algal protein profiles regardless of bacterial presence, HPH treatment of cocultures introduced a novel ∼27 kDa protein band, suggesting bacterial contamination of the extract.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings reveal the complex, growth phase-dependent dynamics inherent in PEF treatment of mixed microbial systems and provide critical insights into biorefinery applications in which microbiological control and product quality must be balanced.</p>","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":"8 1","pages":"89-96"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13165808/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147933858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrode Tip Wear Increases Needle Deflection and Procedural Complexity in Electrochemotherapy.","authors":"Ana Campastri, Antonella Cilio, Marina Ribeiro, Nazarena Sol Martínez, Adrian Barceló, Victor Farricha, Sebastian Diego Michinski, Felipe Maglietti","doi":"10.1177/25763113251401797","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25763113251401797","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Electrochemotherapy (ECT) is a widely accepted treatment modality for skin cancers that are not amenable to first-line therapies. It is extensively used in both human and veterinary medicine. Various electrode designs exist, with needle tips differing by manufacturer and application. In human medicine, electrodes commonly feature conical tips, while veterinary electrodes typically have sharper, beveled tips to better penetrate the tougher skin of animals. A recurrent issue among ECT practitioners-both physicians and veterinarians-is the progressive loss of needle sharpness during treatment. This degradation increases tissue trauma, potentially delaying recovery, particularly when treating healthy surgical margins. In addition, blunted needles are prone to deflection upon insertion, which alters the inter-needle spacing. This, in turn, can compromise the uniformity of electric field distribution and leave regions of the target tissue insufficiently permeabilized.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Three needle tip geometries-conical, beveled, and triangular-were evaluated. All needles had a diameter of 7 mm. COMSOL Multiphysics® simulations were performed to assess electric field distribution for each tip type. Insertion force and the number of insertions until noticeable loss of sharpness were evaluated using an ex vivo model. In addition, the use of a guiding mask integrated into the electrode design was tested to minimize needle deflection during insertion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>COMSOL simulations showed that near the needle tip, the electric field intensity in the space between needles remained below the minimum threshold for effective tissue permeabilization, with similar patterns across all tip types. Conical tips required the highest insertion force, followed by beveled and then triangular tips. Sharpness degradation occurred most rapidly in conical needles, with significant dulling after approximately 50 insertions. Beveled tips retained functional sharpness for about 150 insertions, while triangular tips maintained it for up to 200 insertions. Triangular needles demonstrated superior insertion efficiency and durability. The inclusion of a guiding mask substantially reduced needle deflection, improving parallel alignment and maintaining electric field uniformity.</p>","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":"8 1","pages":"12-19"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13165803/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147934007","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrode Corrosion in Electrochemotherapy Can Hinder Treatment Efficacy.","authors":"Antonella Cilio, Ana Campastri, Marina Ribeiro, Nazarena Martínez, Adrian Barceló, Sebastian Michinski, Felipe Maglietti","doi":"10.1177/25763113251401801","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25763113251401801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Electrochemotherapy is an established treatment for primary and secondary cutaneous tumors of various histologies, combining chemotherapy with the delivery of high-voltage electric pulses to enhance drug uptake. Electric pulses induce water electrolysis, leading to extreme pH changes around the electrodes-acid at the anode and base at the cathode-causing tissue damage and contributing to a self-sterilizing effect, but also promoting needle corrosion. These pH shifts depend on pulse parameters, electrode geometry, and the surrounding medium; although natural tissue buffers can mitigate them, neutralization is often incomplete. This work analyzes the effect of pH changes on needle deterioration during pulse delivery.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Needle electrodes were inserted into an ex vivo tissue model and subjected to eight 100 µs monopolar pulses of 1,000 V/cm at 5,000 Hz. Every 50 trains, electrodes were inserted into a gel with a pH indicator, and a single pulse was delivered to visualize nonconducting areas. Electrode surfaces were photographed, and COMSOL simulations analyzed electric field variations due to isolated regions. Electrodes were then sanded to assess if removing corrosion restored conductivity. In addition, a buffered gel was developed to reduce corrosion.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>New needles showed significant conductivity loss after 50 trains and were almost completely isolated after 150 trains. While this suffices for treating most tumors, extensive treatments requiring over 300 trains demand electrode replacement before reaching 150 trains. Sanding temporarily restores conductivity, but sanded electrodes corrode more rapidly, losing effectiveness after fewer than 50 additional trains. A specifically designed buffered gel improved electrode durability by maintaining conductivity and could help minimize skin side effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":"8 1","pages":"3-11"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13165810/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147934028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial Investigating the Effect of Reduced Bleomycin in Electrochemotherapy Treatment on Patients with Cutaneous Metastases (The BLESS Trial).","authors":"Marie Abildgaard Tolstrup, Camilla Kjaer Lonkvist, Elizabeth Emilie Rosted, Michael Prangsgaard Møller, Taiba Abdulmohsen M Alrasheed, Freya Armstrong Bastrup, Anne Bennedsen, Biljana Mojsoska, Lisbet Rosenkrantz Hölmich, Nicco Krezdorn, Julie Gehl","doi":"10.1177/25763113251377404","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25763113251377404","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cutaneous metastases in patients with incurable cancer can severely impact quality of life, highlighting the need for minimally invasive treatment options. Electrochemotherapy (ECT) effectively treats tumors across various cancer types by combining a standard chemotherapy dose (15,000 IU/m² bleomycin) with electric pulses to enhance drug uptake, aiding in the destruction of the tumor cells. Studies evaluating reduced bleomycin dosage in ECT have shown positive outcomes. This study investigates whether halving the chemotherapy dosage during ECT for cutaneous tumors is as effective as standard ECT treatment.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This double-blinded, randomized clinical trial will include 110 biopsy-verified cutaneous metastases of any cancer type from approximately 55 patients with incurable cancer. Patients will be randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to receive either a full or half dose of bleomycin. The primary endpoint is overall tumor response after 3 months, assessed using the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Biological samples during ECT will measure the distribution of bleomycin in normal tissue, tumors, and blood via liquid chromatography. In addition, the percentage of tumor cells will be correlated with bleomycin concentration. Side effects will be monitored, and qualitative interviews with a subset of patients before and after treatment will explore their experiences with cutaneous tumors and ECT. The study will be conducted at Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, and Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev Gentofte.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Advances in cancer treatment have led to increased survival rates, and the patients we treat with ECT are often fragile. If the reduced bleomycin dose proves as effective as the standard dosage, it could reduce side effects and thereby benefit elderly, frail, and kidney-compromised patients. The findings of this study may be relevant not only to the treatment of cutaneous metastases but also to deep-seated tumors treated with ECT.</p>","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":"7 4","pages":"242-251"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13349345/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148424857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the Role of Water Molecules in TRPV4 Ion Channels Under Intense Electric Fields Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations.","authors":"Carmen Pisano, Laura Caramazza, Ilaria Pappa, Paolo Marracino, Federico Del Signore, Micaela Liberti, Francesca Apollonio","doi":"10.1177/25763113251386975","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25763113251386975","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electroporation is a well-established technique that induces transient pores in cell membranes through intense electric fields. While previous studies have focused primarily on lipid bilayers, the role of membrane proteins in electroporation remains poorly understood. This study investigates the impact of high-intensity electric fields on the TRPV4 ion channel using molecular dynamics simulations to elucidate protein involvement in electroporation processes. The research examines two conformational states of human TRPV4 (hTRPV4, closed and inactivated) embedded in 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-<i>sn</i>-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers in a hydrated system under electric (E-)field exposure of 50, 70, and 80 MV/m. A novel algorithm was developed to precisely identify and analyze two distinct water populations: interfacial water near membrane surfaces and channel-confined water within the TRPV4 channel. Key findings reveal fundamentally different responses between these water populations. These findings provide new mechanistic insights into protein-mediated electroporation, highlighting its potential role in electroporation-driven membrane permeabilization, and suggest opportunities for developing targeted therapeutic strategies that exploit the presence and functional state of specific transmembrane proteins in membrane permeabilization processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":"8 2","pages":"129-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13332260/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Wide-Band Coplanar Waveguide Delivery System for Sub-Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Fields Exposure.","authors":"Hafsa Tjiou, Lionel Michard, Abdelkhalek Nasri, Cyril Guines, Philippe Leveque, Delia Arnaud-Cormos, Claire Dalmay","doi":"10.1177/25763113251381995","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25763113251381995","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sub-nanosecond pulsed electric fields (sub-nsPEFs) present a promising tool for cellular and intracellular electro-manipulation. In this article, we propose a microfluidic device based on a coplanar waveguide (CPW) for high-intensity sub-nsPEF delivery and biomedical investigations. To deliver high-intensity and ultra-short-duration pulses, the CPW device features a miniaturized gap width of 345 µm. Numerical simulations and measurements confirm that this device presents a return loss lower than -10 dB over a wide frequency bandwidth, up to 3.7 GHz. Additionally, the results demonstrate a consistent electric field homogeneity within the CPW channels, particularly in the central area where the biological samples will be exposed. The CPW-based device was characterized under high-voltage sub-nanosecond duration pulse exposure. The results evidenced that the device is suitable for the delivery of ∼18 MV/m intensity and 500 ps duration pulses.</p>","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":"8 2","pages":"120-128"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13332259/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148391732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Voltage on the Production on Spherical Ablations for Integrated Time Nanosecond Pulse Irreversible Electroporation.","authors":"Robert H Williamson, Jordan A Fong, Jewels Darrow, Logan Reeg, Nate Nelson, Alina Iuga, David Gerber, Michael B Sano","doi":"10.1177/25763113251381088","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25763113251381088","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To study the safety and reproducibility of high-voltage integrated nanosecond pulse irreversible electroporation (INSPIRE) administered through a single applicator and grounding pad approach in a healthy liver model.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A percutaneous approach to the liver was made under ultrasound guidance in female pigs weighing between 25 and 35 kg. INSPIRE treatments at 3000 V, 4500 V, and 6000 V using 1000 ns or 2000 ns waveforms, with a 0.02 s dose and a 45°C temperature set point were delivered using an actively cooled single applicator and distal grounding pad. Ablation size, muscle stimulation, and cardiac safety were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All INSPIRE treatments were completed successfully without cardiac synchronization or break-through muscle stimulation. Ablations were visible on ultrasound shortly after treatments were complete. Treatments were completed within approximately 2-8 minutes. The largest ablations, achieved with the 2000 ns waveform at 6000 V, measured 4.4 ± 0.7 cm by 2.9 ± 0.1 cm.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>INSPIRE can be safely used to achieve significantly larger ablations significantly faster than current irreversible electroporation (IRE) technologies using a simplified single-applicator and grounding pad approach.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>INSPIRE overcomes technical and procedural challenges facing IRE including ablation size limitations, muscle stimulation, the need for cardiac synchronization, long procedure times, and the lack of visualization during procedures.</p>","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13001996/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147500042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mapping Leak Electron Pathways from Mitochondria to the Outer Cell Membrane in Human Embryonic Lung Fibroblasts.","authors":"Guanzhen Gao, Huiqin Wang, Yanan Ding, Jingke Guo, Jianwu Zhou, Lijing Ke, Pingfan Rao, Suyun Zhang, Tianbao Chen, Chris Shaw, Huaiyu Gu","doi":"10.1177/25763113251366197","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25763113251366197","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>It is widely accepted that the inevitable leakage of electrons from mitochondria during respiratory metabolism is managed intracellularly through a complex cascade involving the conversion and transport of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant mechanisms. However, considering that electrons can travel through various media, including biomacromolecules, do leaked electrons from the electron transport chain necessarily undergo complicated intracellular disposal processes? Here, we demonstrate that leaked electrons may actually be transported out of the cell.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>By expressing circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein (cpYFP), a superoxide indicator, at the microtubules, actin, and integrin of human embryonic lung fibroblasts.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All three corresponding transgenic strains emitted fluorescent light, illuminating an ROS pathway from mitochondria to the outer cell membrane. The fluorescent intensity was positively correlated with mitochondrial superoxide content and aerobic respiratory intensity but was independent of cytosolic ROS levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These results suggest that leaked electrons are transported out of the cell in their electron form. We anticipate that our findings will serve as a starting point for revising the understanding of ROS generation and homeostasis, implicating various physiological and pathological processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":"7 3","pages":"180-191"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12853097/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Letter:</i> Mechanosensitive Ion Channels: The Unending Riddle of Mechanotransduction.","authors":"Nuhan Purali","doi":"10.1089/bioe.2025.0020","DOIUrl":"10.1089/bioe.2025.0020","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29923,"journal":{"name":"Bioelectricity","volume":"7 3","pages":"192"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12851859/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146107460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}