Eco-Environment & Health最新文献

{"title":"Screening for 26 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in German drinking waters with support of residents","authors":"Vanessa Ingold ,&nbsp;Alexander Kämpfe ,&nbsp;Aki Sebastian Ruhl","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water cycles poses a challenge to drinking water quality and safety. In order to counteract the large knowledge gap regarding PFAS in German drinking water, 89 drinking water samples from all over Germany were collected with the help of residents and were analyzed for 26 PFAS by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The 20 PFAS recently regulated by sum concentration (PFAS_∑20), as well as six other PFAS, were quantified by targeted analysis. In all drinking water samples, PFAS_∑20 was below the limit of 0.1 μg/L, but the sum concentrations ranged widely from below the limit of quantification up to 80.2 ng/L. The sum concentrations (PFAS_∑4) of perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorononanoate of 20 ng/L were exceeded in two samples. The most frequently detected individual substances were PFOS (in 52% of the samples), perfluorobutanesulfonate (52%), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) (44%), perfluoropentanoate (43%) and PFHxS (35%). The highest single concentrations were 23.5 ng/L for PFHxS, 15.3 ng/L for PFOS, and 10.1 ng/L for PFHxA. No regionally elevated concentrations were identified, but some highly urbanized areas showed elevated levels. Concentrations of substitution PFAS, including 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-(heptafluoropropoxy)propanoate and 2,2,3-trifluor-3-[1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluor-3-(trifluormethoxy)propoxy]-propanoate (anion of ADONA), were very low compared to regulated PFAS. The most frequently detected PFAS were examined for co-occurrences, but no definite correlations could be found.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 235-242"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49706049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the crucial role of iron mineral phase transformation in antimony(V) elimination from natural water","authors":"Xiaoyun Liu ,&nbsp;Yunyan Wang ,&nbsp;Hongrui Xiang ,&nbsp;Jiahui Wu ,&nbsp;Xu Yan ,&nbsp;Wenchao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhang Lin ,&nbsp;Liyuan Chai","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.07.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.07.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Antimony (Sb) in natural water has long-term effects on both the ecological environment and human health. Iron mineral phase transformation (IMPT) is a prominent process for removing Sb(V) from natural water. However, the importance of IMPT in eliminating Sb remains uncertain. This study examined the various Sb–Fe binding mechanisms found in different IMPT pathways in natural water, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. The study revealed that the presence of goethite (Goe), hematite (Hem), and magnetite (Mag) significantly affected the concentration of Sb(V) in natural water. Elevated pH levels facilitated higher Fe content in iron solids but impeded the process of removing Sb(V). To further our understanding, polluted natural water samples were collected from various locations surrounding Sb smelter sites. Results confirmed that converting ferrihydrite (Fhy) to Goe significantly reduced Sb levels (&lt;5 μg/L) in natural water. The emergence of secondary iron phases resulted in greater electrostatic attraction and stabilized surface complexes, which was the most likely cause of the decline of Sb concentration in natural water. The comprehensive findings offer new insights into the factors governing IMPT as well as the Sb(V) behavior control.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 176-183"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49706890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress of covalent organic frameworks membranes: Design, synthesis, and application in water treatment","authors":"Xiaolu Liu ,&nbsp;Yang Li ,&nbsp;Zhongshan Chen ,&nbsp;Hui Yang ,&nbsp;Suhua Wang ,&nbsp;Zhenwu Tang ,&nbsp;Xiangke Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.07.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>To date, significant efforts have been devoted to eliminating hazardous components to purify wastewater through the development of various nanomaterials. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), an important branch of the porous crystalline family, possess the peculiarity of ultrahigh surface area, adjustable pore size, and facile functionality. Exciting studies from design fabrication to potential applications in water treatment by COF-based membranes (COMs) have emerged. This review summarizes various preparation strategies and synthesis mechanisms for COMs, including layer-by-layer stacking, <em>in situ</em> growth, interfacial polymerization, and electrochemical synthesis, and briefly describes the advanced characterization techniques for COMs. Moreover, the application of COMs in heavy metal removal, dye separation, purification of radionuclides, pollutant detection, sea water desalination, and so on, is described and discussed. Finally, the perspectives on future opportunities for designing COMs in water purification have been proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 117-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49713018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The bio-distribution, clearance pathways, and toxicity mechanisms of ambient ultrafine particles","authors":"Dongyang Han,&nbsp;Renjie Chen,&nbsp;Haidong Kan,&nbsp;Yanyi Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.06.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Ambient particles severely threaten human health worldwide. Compared to larger particles, ultrafine particles (UFPs) are highly concentrated in ambient environments, have a larger specific surface area, and are retained for a longer time in the lung. Recent studies have found that they can be transported into various extra-pulmonary organs by crossing the air-blood barrier (ABB). Therefore, to understand the adverse effects of UFPs, it is crucial to thoroughly investigate their bio-distribution and clearance pathways <em>in vivo</em> after inhalation, as well as their toxicological mechanisms. This review highlights emerging evidence on the bio-distribution of UFPs in pulmonary and extra-pulmonary organs. It explores how UFPs penetrate the ABB, the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and the placental barrier (PB) and subsequently undergo clearance by the liver, kidney, or intestine. In addition, the potential underlying toxicological mechanisms of UFPs are summarized, providing fundamental insights into how UFPs induce adverse health effects.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49730070","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol consumption promotes arsenic absorption but reduces tissue arsenic accumulation in mice","authors":"Hongyu Wang ,&nbsp;Albert L. Juhasz ,&nbsp;Yaosheng Zhang ,&nbsp;Lizhu Zhang ,&nbsp;Lena Q. Ma ,&nbsp;Dongmei Zhou ,&nbsp;Hongbo Li","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Alcohol consumption alters gut microflora and damages intestinal tight junction barriers, which may affect arsenic (As) oral bioavailability. In this study, mice were exposed to arsenate in the diet (6 μg/g) over a 3-week period and gavaged daily with Chinese liquor (0.05 or 0.10 mL per mouse per day). Following ingestion, 78.0% and 72.9% of the total As intake was absorbed and excreted via urine when co-exposed with liquor at daily doses of 0.05 or 0.10 mL, significantly greater than when As was supplied alone (44.7%). Alcohol co-exposure significantly altered gut microbiota but did not significantly alter As biotransformation in the intestinal tract or tissue. Significantly lower relative mRNA expression was observed for genes encoding for tight junctions in the ileum of liquor co-exposed mice, contributing to greater As bioavailability attributable to enhanced As absorption via the intestinal paracellular pathway. However, As concentration in the liver, kidney, and intestinal tissue of liquor-treated mice was decreased by 24.4%–42.6%, 27.5%–38.1%, and 28.1%–48.9% compared to control mice. This was likely due to greater renal glomerular filtration rate induced by alcohol, as suggested by significantly lower expression of genes encoding for renal tight junctions. In addition, in mice gavaged daily with 0.05 mL liquor, the serum antidiuretic hormone level was significantly lower than control mice (2.83 ± 0.59 vs. 5.40 ± 1.10 pg/mL), suggesting the diuretic function of alcohol consumption, which may facilitate As elimination via urine. These results highlight that alcohol consumption has a significant impact on the bioavailability and accumulation of As.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 3","pages":"Pages 107-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49730207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lignin precursors enhance exolaccase-started humification of bisphenol A to form functional polymers","authors":"Shunyao Li ,&nbsp;Dan Hong ,&nbsp;Kai Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Humification plays a significant role in converting phenolic pollutants and forming heterogeneous polymers, but few studies have been performed to investigate exolaccase-started humification (ESH). Herein, the influences of lignin precursors (LPs) on exolaccase-induced bisphenol A (BPA) removal and humification were explored. In particular, the architectural features and botanical effects of the formed humification products were also tested. ESH was extremely beneficial in boosting BPA removal in the presence of LPs. Compared with LP-free (58.49%), 100% of BPA was eliminated after the reaction with ESH for 72 h. Such a process was controlled by an exolaccase-caused random assembly of radicals, which generated a large number of hydrophobic polymers through nonspecific covalent binding of C–C and/or C–O. These humified polymers were extremely stable at pH 2.0–10.0 and −20 °C to 80 °C and displayed unique functions, <em>i.e.</em>, scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl/2,2′-azino-bis3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radicals and exerted antioxidant capacities. More importantly, the functional polymers could act as auxin analogs to increase the germination index (&gt;100%), plant biomass, and salt tolerance of radish seedlings. Our findings disclosed that ESH could not only be optimized to mitigate the ecological risks of phenolic pollutants and sequester organic carbon in environmental bioremediation, but the resulting abundant auxin analogs also contributed to agricultural productivity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 219-226"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49729777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonmicrobial mechanisms dominate the release of CO2 and the decomposition of organic matter during the short-term redox process in paddy soil slurry","authors":"Jinsong Liu,&nbsp;Changyin Zhu,&nbsp;Xiantang Liu,&nbsp;Xiaolei Wang,&nbsp;Dongmei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Both biotic and abiotic mechanisms play a role in soil CO₂ emission processes. However, abiotically mediated CO₂ emission and the role of reactive oxygen species are still poorly understood in paddy soil. This study revealed that <img>OH promoted CO₂ emission in paddy soil slurries during short-term oxidation (4 h). <img>OH generation was highly hinged on active Fe(II) content, and the <img>OH contribution to CO₂ efflux was 10%–33% in topsoil and 40%–77% in deep-soil slurries. Net CO₂ efflux was higher in topsoil slurries, which contained more dissolved organic carbon (DOC). CO₂ efflux correlated well with DOC contents, suggesting the critical role of DOC. Microbial mechanisms contributed 9%–45% to CO₂ production, as estimated by γ-ray sterilization experiments in the short-term reoxidation process. Solid-aqueous separation experiments showed a significant reduction in net CO₂ efflux across all soil slurries after the removal of the original aqueous phase, indicating that the water phase was the main source of CO₂ emission (&gt;50%). Besides, C emission was greatly affected by pH fluctuation in acidic soil but not in neutral/alkaline soils. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and excitation-emission matrix results indicated that recalcitrant and macromolecular dissolved organic matter (DOM) components were more easily removed or attacked by <img>OH. The decrease in DOM content during the short-term reoxidation was the combined result of <img>OH oxidation, co-precipitation, and soil organic matter release. This study emphasizes the significance of the generally overlooked nonmicrobial mechanisms in promoting CO₂ emission in the global C cycle, and the critical influence of the aqueous phase on C loss in paddy environments.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 227-234"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49706044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Human-driven global nutrient imbalances increase risks to health","authors":"Josep Penuelas ,&nbsp;Jordi Sardans","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Human-induced inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) into the biosphere have reached unprecedented levels, particularly N, leading to an escalating global anthropogenic N:P ratio. This ratio has emerged as a significant driver of environmental change, impacting organisms, ecosystems, and global food security. However, the implications of this ratio for human health have been largely overlooked and remain uncertain. This article aims to fill this knowledge gap by exploring the potential effects of N:P ratios on both non-infectious and infectious diseases. Preliminary data emphasize the importance of investigating the influence of N:P ratios on human health, suggesting a potential role in the rise of non-infectious diseases, such as cancer, as well as the proliferation of infectious diseases, including Zika and malaria. These findings highlight the urgent need for increased attention from the scientific community and policymakers regarding the complex impacts of the human-induced biospheric N:P ratio. It is crucial to investigate and understand the underlying mechanisms and drivers behind these effects. Furthermore, there is significant potential for improving human health through the manipulation of N:P ratios and the availability of N and P. This applies not only to medical treatments but also to innovative fertilizer management strategies. These avenues present promising opportunities to address the challenges associated with human health in an ever-changing world.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 246-251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49705792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indoor metabolites and chemicals outperform microbiome in classifying childhood asthma and allergic rhinitis","authors":"Yu Sun ,&nbsp;Hao Tang ,&nbsp;Shuang Du ,&nbsp;Yang Chen ,&nbsp;Zheyuan Ou ,&nbsp;Mei Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhuoru Chen ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Tang ,&nbsp;Dongjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Tianyi Chen ,&nbsp;Yanyi Xu ,&nbsp;Jiufeng Li ,&nbsp;Dan Norback ,&nbsp;Jamal Hisham Hashim ,&nbsp;Zailina Hashim ,&nbsp;Jie Shao ,&nbsp;Xi Fu ,&nbsp;Zhuohui Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Indoor microorganisms impact asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR), but the associated microbial taxa often vary extensively due to climate and geographical variations. To provide more consistent environmental assessments, new perspectives on microbial exposure for asthma and AR are needed. Home dust from 97 cases (32 asthma alone, 37 AR alone, 28 comorbidity) and 52 age- and gender-matched controls in Shanghai, China, were analyzed using high-throughput shotgun metagenomic sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Homes of healthy children were enriched with environmental microbes, including <em>Paracoccus</em>, <em>Pseudomonas</em>, and <em>Psychrobacter</em>, and metabolites like keto acids, indoles, pyridines, and flavonoids (astragalin, hesperidin) (False Discovery Rate &lt; 0.05). A neural network co-occurrence probability analysis revealed that environmental microorganisms were involved in producing these keto acids, indoles, and pyridines. Conversely, homes of diseased children were enriched with mycotoxins and synthetic chemicals, including herbicides, insecticides, and food/cosmetic additives. Using a random forest model, characteristic metabolites and microorganisms in Shanghai homes were used to classify high and low prevalence of asthma/AR in an independent dataset in Malaysian schools (N = 1290). Indoor metabolites achieved an average accuracy of 74.9% and 77.1% in differentiating schools with high and low prevalence of asthma and AR, respectively, whereas indoor microorganisms only achieved 51.0% and 59.5%, respectively. These results suggest that indoor metabolites and chemicals rather than indoor microbiome are potentially superior environmental indicators for childhood asthma and AR. This study extends the traditional risk assessment focusing on allergens or air pollutants in childhood asthma and AR, thereby revealing potential novel intervention strategies for these diseases.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 208-218"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49729774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A systematic review of the impacts of exposure to micro- and nano-plastics on human tissue accumulation and health","authors":"Yudong Feng ,&nbsp;Chen Tu ,&nbsp;Ruijie Li ,&nbsp;Di Wu ,&nbsp;Jie Yang ,&nbsp;Yankai Xia ,&nbsp;Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg ,&nbsp;Yongming Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eehl.2023.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) pollution has become a pressing global environmental issue, with growing concerns regarding its impact on human health. However, evidence on the effects of MNPs on human health remains limited. This paper reviews the three routes of human exposure to MNPs, which include ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. It further discusses the potential routes of translocation of MNPs in human lungs, intestines, and skin, analyses the potential impact of MNPs on the homeostasis of human organ systems, and provides an outlook on future research priorities for MNPs in human health. There is growing evidence that MNPs are present in human tissues or fluids. Lab studies, including <em>in vivo</em> animal models and <em>in vitro</em> human-derived cell cultures, revealed that MNPs exposure could negatively affect human health. MNPs exposure could cause oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, disruption of internal barriers like the intestinal, the air–blood and the placental barrier, tissue damage, as well as immune homeostasis imbalance, endocrine disruption, and reproductive and developmental toxicity. Limitedly available epidemiological studies suggest that disorders like lung nodules, asthma, and blood thrombus might be caused or exacerbated by MNPs exposure. However, direct evidence for the effects of MNPs on human health is still scarce, and future research in this area is needed to provide quantitative support for assessing the risk of MNPs to human health.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":29813,"journal":{"name":"Eco-Environment & Health","volume":"2 4","pages":"Pages 195-207"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49711140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}