Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Use of Complementary and Integrative Health Approaches in Adults with Long COVID in the US, a Nationally Representative Survey.","authors":"Leah Grout","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0283","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0283","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Long COVID is a serious, complex condition that has affected the lives of millions of people globally. Complementary and integrative health (CIH) approaches offer a wide range of potential therapies for the management of long COVID symptoms. However, there is limited information available about the utilization of CIH among long COVID patients. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Nationally representative cross-sectional data from the United States 2022 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS, response rate 47.7%, <i>n</i> = 27,651) were used to investigate prevalence and predictors of CIH use in the past 12 months among individuals who experienced long COVID. The 12-month prevalence of CIH use was descriptively analyzed for those with long COVID versus those without using chi-squared tests or unpaired <i>t</i>-tests. Independent predictors of CIH use among individuals with long COVID were analyzed using a stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis. <b><i>Results:</i></b> A weighted total of 17,610,801 US adults (19.7%) who had a confirmed case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) developed long COVID symptoms. A slightly greater proportion of individuals with long COVID (44.4%) than those without (40.9%) used CIH approaches in the past 12 months. The most used approaches were meditation, yoga, and massage therapy. CIH use by those with long COVID was significantly associated with younger age, female sex, higher education level, having health insurance coverage, higher household income level, receiving three or more COVID-19 vaccination doses, ever having asthma, and ever having an anxiety or depression diagnosis. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Long COVID represents a major challenge for patients, health care providers, health care systems, economies, and global public health. CIH approaches may play an important role in symptom management for some patients, and additional research is needed to identify which modalities are most effective. Patients and health care providers may benefit from better information about the available options for treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"143-154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Provider Identified Access Barriers to Delivering Acupuncture to Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury and Chronic Pain: A Cross-Sectional Self-Report Survey.","authors":"Jolie N Haun, Risa Nakase-Richardson, Jeanne M Hoffman, Mitch Sevigny, Mark D Sodders, Flora M Hammond, Bridget A Cotner, Amanda Tweed, Robin Hanks, Aaron M Martin","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0486","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0486","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objective:</i></b> Traumatic brain injury (TBI) clinical practice guidelines for pain management and rehabilitation support the use of nonpharmacologic complementary and integrative health (CIH) modalities, such as acupuncture for remediating pain. Barriers to delivering CIH modalities, such as acupuncture warrant examination. The objective of this study is to explore provider perspectives on challenges to accessing acupuncture treatment for chronic pain in persons with TBI and describe differences across health care settings. <b><i>Setting:</i></b> Civilian, Veterans Affairs (VA), and Department of Defense health care systems. <b><i>Participants:</i></b> Health care providers (<i>n</i> = 145) were recruited from November 2022 to March 2023 via email through professional organizations and health care systems. <b><i>Design:</i></b> Descriptive cross-sectional self-report online survey. <b><i>Main Measures:</i></b> A survey assessed barriers using a 5-point Likert scale (<i>always a barrier</i> to <i>never a barrier</i>) using the Levesque Access to Care framework. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 137 participants who provided information on setting, 86 (63%) worked in civilian health care; 47 (34%) worked in the Department of VA; and 4 (2.6%) in the Department of Defense (8 were missing data). Overall, providers endorsed all ten items as being barriers to accessing acupuncture treatment. However, these barriers were more statistically more frequently reported for civilian providers compared with VA providers for six of the 10 items, including lack of caregiver support (<i>p</i> < 0.0001); own knowledge and understanding of the treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.0025); health care setting culture discourages the treatment (<i>p</i> = 0.0181); lack of qualified providers (<i>p</i> = 0.0467); insurance does not cover (<i>p</i> < 0.0001), and patient cannot afford (<i>p</i> < 0.0001). VA provider respondents were more likely to answer all six items, as \"Rarely/Never a Barrier,\" while providers in a civilian setting were more likely to respond \"Always/Frequently\" or \"Sometimes\" a barrier. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Results reflect the cultural, organizational, and structural differences that make acupuncture more accessible within the VA. understanding barriers to delivering care is critical to inform implementation strategy mapping efforts, to tailor strategies that are aimed to increase access and engagement with acupuncture treatment in civilian health care settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"166-173"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142669227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Clinical Significance of Mulligan's Mobilization with Movement in Shoulder Pathologies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Derya Çelik, Pınar Van Der Veer, Pelin Tiryaki","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0200","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0200","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Background:</i></b> Mulligan's mobilization with movement (MWM) is a manual therapy technique designed to address musculoskeletal pain and joint mobility. Despite immediate reported improvements by patients, the clinical significance of MWM compared with other interventions remains uncertain. <b><i>Objective:</i></b> To assess the clinical effectiveness of MWM for shoulder pathologies compared with other treatment methods. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The databases PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) were searched up to June 2024. Inclusion criteria were limited to randomized controlled trials published in English and Turkish languages, focusing on the MWM technique for shoulder pathologies. Two independent reviewers evaluated methodological quality based on the PEDro scale. Outcome data were analyzed for pain, function, and range of motion (ROM) using SPSS Statistics 29.0. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Twenty-seven studies (1157 participants) were included. MWM demonstrated statistical superiority in function (<i>MD = -11.24</i>, 95% CI: [-18.33, -4.16], <i>p</i> = 001) and shoulder flexion and abduction ROM compared with other mobilization techniques. There was a significant MD in pain intensity, which was -1.55 cm (95% CI: [-2.60, -0.51], <i>p</i> = 0.00), with high heterogeneity (<i>I</i>² = 93%), favoring MWM in comparison with control group. MWM was significantly better for shoulder abduction ROM in comparison with physical therapy interventions (<i>MD = -14.44</i>, 95% CI: [1.98, 26.90], <i>p</i> = 0.02) with high heterogeneity (<i>I</i>² = 90%) and control group (SMD = 56.67, 95% CI: [7.71, 111.63], <i>p</i> = 0.02) with high heterogeneity (<i>I</i>² = 96%). However, clinical significance was not consistently achieved. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> Although some statistical significance was found when comparing MWM with other her treatment methods, it was observed that most of the statistically significant data did not reach clinical significance. Upon closer examination, outcome measures that showed clinical significance, either the interventions in the comparison group were inadequate, not evidence-based, or the improvements within the group were not logical.</p>","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"134-142"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142074110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of a Yoga-Based Intervention Targeting Anger Management for People Who Are Incarcerated.","authors":"Lisa A Uebelacker, Lindsey Stevens, Hannah Graves, Tosca D Braun, Rebecca Foster, Jennifer E Johnson, Geoffrey Tremont, Lauren M Weinstock","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0308","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0308","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Incarceration represents an opportune moment to improve self-management of anger and aggression. A hatha yoga-based intervention (YBI) could serve as a useful adjunctive intervention for anger within prisons. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We enrolled 40 people with elevated levels of anger who were incarcerated (20 in a women's facility, and 20 in a men's facility) in a 10-week pilot randomized controlled trial of a YBI versus. a health education (HE) control group. Participants attended their respective groups once per week. We examined indices of feasibility and acceptability, including intervention credibility, expectancy the intervention would be helpful, intervention satisfaction, class attendance, engagement in personal practice, instructor fidelity, intervention safety, and study recruitment and retention rates. We also examined changes in clinical outcomes including anger, depression, anxiety, and behavioral infractions over time. <b><i>Results:</i></b> We met targets for several outcomes: credibility of the YBI and HE interventions, expectancy that they would be helpful, and satisfaction with the programs. Instructors demonstrated fidelity to both manuals. There were no serious adverse events related to study participation. Class attendance did not meet our target outcome in either facility and rates of personal practice met our target outcome in the men's but not the women's facility. For people enrolled in the YBI, anger, depression, and anxiety tended to decrease over time. Qualitative interviews with participants pointed to overall high satisfaction with the YBI and provided information on facility-related barriers to class attendance. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Although we did not meet all our feasibility targets in this study, we note high participant enthusiasm. Thus, we believe this line of research is worth pursuing, with further attention to ways to decrease facility-related barriers to class attendance and personal practice. <b>Clinical trials registration:</b> NCT05336123.</p>","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"183-195"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142381772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Manual Acupuncture for Postoperative Pain and Recovery after Abdominal Surgeries: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Sophie Staff, Cui Yang, Johannes Greten, Volker Braun, Christoph Reissfelder, Florian Herrle, Erfan Ghanad","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2023.0750","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jicm.2023.0750","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Acupuncture's role in surgical and postoperative contexts is gaining traction. However, the evidence remains patchy and is often of low-grade quality, particularly in the context of postintestinal surgery. <b><i>Purpose:</i></b> To assess acupuncture's efficacy in pain relief and functional recovery after abdominal surgery. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We searched PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar for randomized trials using manual acupuncture as the main intervention. Outcomes included postoperative pain, analgesic use, nausea, gastrointestinal (GI) regeneration, and length of hospital stay. For risk of bias assessment Cochrane risk of bias tool 2 was employed. Registered with PROSPERO: CRD42022311718. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of 700 records till May 2023, 8 trials (551 patients; 16-200/trial) were included. Due to factors such as varying experimental settings and unpublished protocols, there was high risk of bias and heterogeneity, making meta-analysis unfeasible. Safety data were documented sufficiently by two trials. However, acupuncture showed marked benefits in pain relief, less analgesic use, fewer nausea cases, and improved GI recovery. One study reported reduced hospitalization time. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Due to the varied methodologies and potential biases in existing studies, the definitive effectiveness of acupuncture remains unclear. To confirm the potential benefits of acupuncture as suggested by the reviewed studies, it's imperative to have more standardized study protocols, well-defined interventions and controls, and objective measures of efficacy.</p>","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"112-121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142476356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research in Integrative and Complementary Medicine: Particularities, Challenges, Obstacles, and Misunderstandings. Part 2: Things Can also Work Differently when the Context is Different.","authors":"Holger Cramer","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2024.1054","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jicm.2024.1054","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"109-111"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Key Research and Engagement in 2023-2024.","authors":"John McDonald, Jonquil W Pinto, Lin Ang, Sandro Graca","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2024.1051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2024.1051","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143060889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biofield Therapies Clinical Research Landscape: A Scoping Review and Interactive Evidence Map.","authors":"Meredith L Sprengel, Lynn Teo, Samantha Allen, Noortje Ijssennagger, Richard Hammerschlag, Natalie L Dyer, Cindy Crawford","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0773","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2024.0773","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Background:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Biofield Therapies, with a historical lineage spanning millennia and continuing relevance in contemporary practices, have been used to address various health conditions and promote wellbeing. The scientific study and adoption of these therapies have been hindered by cultural challenges and institutional barriers. In addition, the current research landscape for Biofield Therapies is insufficiently documented. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Objectives:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; This scoping review aims to comprehensively document the peer-reviewed research landscape of Biofield Therapies. Furthermore, an online searchable and dynamic Evidence Map was created to serve as a publicly accessible tool for querying the evidence base, pinpointing research gaps, and identifying areas requiring further exploration. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Methods:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycInfo databases was conducted from inception through January 2024. Peer-reviewed interventional studies in English involving human participants receiving Biofield Therapy were included. Data on study design, population, intervention, comparator, outcomes, citation details, and direction of results reported were extracted and synthesized into two summary tables and three data tables. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Results:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; In total, 353 studies in 352 published reports were included: 255 randomized controlled trials, 36 controlled clinical trials, and 62 pre-post study designs. Named biofield interventions included Reiki (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 88), Therapeutic Touch (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 71), Healing Touch (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 31), intercessory prayer (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 21), External Qigong (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 16), Spiritual Healing/Spiritual Passé/Laying-on-of-hands (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 14), \"distant or remote healing\" (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 10), and Gentle Human Touch/Yakson Therapeutic Touch (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 9). Also included were 56 studies in 55 reports involving bespoke, unknown, or other interventions, 20 studies involving multimodal interventions, and 17 studies involving multiple biofield interventions. Studies encompassed a wide variety of populations, most commonly healthy volunteers (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 67), pain (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 55), and cancer (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 46). As reported in the Abstracts, nearly half of the studies (&lt;i&gt;n&lt;/i&gt; = 172) reported positive results in favor of the Biofield Therapy for all outcomes being investigated, 95 reported mixed results, 71 reported nonsignificant results, 3 reported negative results, and 12 studies did not report the direction of results. &lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Despite rising interest in Biofield Therapies among researchers, practitioners, and patients, the integration of these interventions into allopathic medical systems is hindered by challenges in researching these therapies and inconsistent reporting. These issues contribute to inconclusive findings, which limit our understanding of the efficacy of Biofield Therapies for specific conditions. The resulting scoping review and interactive Evidence Map aim to empower stakeholders","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143033006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine in the Institutionalization of Evidence-Informed Decision-Making: The World Health Organization Meeting Report.","authors":"Amie Steel, Daniel F Gallego-Perez, Nadine Ijaz, Alana Gall, Mukdarut Bangpan, Laura Dos Santos Boeira, Mariana Cabral Schveitzer, Anchalee Chutaputti, Laurenz Mahlanza-Langer, Geetha Krishnan G Pillai, Tipicha Posayanonda, Kim Sungchol, Darshan Shankar, Tanja Kuchenmüller","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0837","DOIUrl":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0837","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7617372/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Instruments for Evaluating Undergraduate Medical Education in Complementary and Integrative Medicine: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Angelika Homberg, Gabriele Rotter, Miriam Thye, Kristina Flägel, Beate Stock-Schröer","doi":"10.1089/jicm.2024.0614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/jicm.2024.0614","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The provision of courses in complementary and integrative medicine (CIM) varies widely between medical schools. To effectively improve CIM education, it is essential to use robust evaluation instruments that measure the impact of different educational interventions. This review aimed to identify and critically appraise qualitative and quantitative instruments used to evaluate CIM courses in undergraduate medical education. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> A systematic review was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, LIVIVO, CINAHL/EBSCO, Scopus, Web of Science, and Ovid/Embase in January 2023. Eligible studies included complete evaluation instruments for medical students and reported learning outcomes. Data extraction included information on the study design, the educational intervention, the evaluation instrument, and the outcome measure (e.g., Kirkpatrick levels: 1 reaction, 2a attitudes, 2b knowledge/skills, 3 behavioral change, 4 results). Instruments were categorized as validated, nonvalidated, or qualitative and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Validated instruments were assessed for quality using standardized criteria. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Of the 1909 records identified, 263 were subjected to a full-text review and 100 studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven studies reported on 14 validated instruments, 7 studies reported on qualitative, and 66 reported on nonvalidated instruments. Most were conducted in the United States (31) and Europe (28), 51 were cross-sectional studies, and 42 were intervention studies. Most of the instruments were self-administered (50), addressed general aspects of CIM (53), and assessed student attitudes (74). None of the validated instruments covered Kirkpatrick level 1, one covered level 3. Measurement of levels 2b and 3 was usually based on subjective self-assessment. Qualitative instruments covered the widest range of outcomes overall. Validated instruments often had good content validity and internal consistency, but lacked reliability and responsiveness. Revalidation of translated or modified instruments was mostly inadequate. <b><i>Discussion:</i></b> This structured and comprehensive set of existing instruments provides a starting point for the further development of CIM course evaluation in undergraduate medical education. Future studies should prioritize the measurement of higher-level learning outcomes, such as behavioral change and impact on patient care. Comparative intervention studies between medical schools or with pre-post designs and follow-up evaluations are needed to assess the effectiveness of different teaching approaches. Regular revalidation of both existing and newly developed instruments is essential to ensure their applicability to different audiences and settings. Their structured and standardized use would promote evidence-based CIM training and understanding of its impact on student competencies and patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":29734,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Integrative and Complementary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143012979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}