Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Ból głowy z nadużywania leków przeciwbólowych – przegląd aktualnej literatury","authors":"Kinga Grużewska-Piotrowska, Agnieszka Grużewska","doi":"10.56782/pps.149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.149","url":null,"abstract":"Wprowadzenie: Wiele osób stosuje leki przeciwbólowe szczególnie w celu zatrzymania bólu głowy, nie zdając sobie sprawy, że niewłaściwe stosowanie tych substancji może wywoływać ten ból. Chorzy często stosują leki OTC i nie traktują tych środków jako potencjalnie niebezpiecznych. Schemat, w którym osoba z bólem przyjmuje coraz więcej leków, które wywołują ból może prowadzić do uzależnienia. W polskim piśmiennictwie można się spotkać z określeniami m.in.: „ból głowy z odbicia”, „polekowy ból głowy” „ból głowy indukowany lekami”. W obowiązującej Międzynarodowej Klasyfikacji Bólów Głowy 3 beta stosuje się określenie ‘medication overuse headache’ (MOH), co można przetłumaczyć jako „ból głowy z nadużywania leków”. Nazwa ta sugeruje występowanie bólów głowy w konsekwencji nadużycia dowolnych preparatów medycznych, ale według klasyfikacji wiąże się ona wyłącznie z nadużyciem leku lub leków stosowanych w doraźnej terapii przeciwbólowej. \u0000Cel pracy: Celem tego przeglądu jest zebranie i podsumowanie aktualnej wiedzy na temat etiologii, epidemiologii i sposobach leczenia w bólu głowy spowodowanym nadużywaniem leków. \u0000Materiały i metody: Ten przegląd systemowy oparto na dostępnych danych zgromadzonych w bazie PubMed oraz wyszukiwarce internetowej Google Scholar przy użyciu następujących wyrażeń: „ból głowy spowodowany nadużywaniem leków przeciwbólowych”, „główne czynniki ryzyka MOH”, „patofizjologia polekowych bólów głowy”, „leczenie bólu głowy spowodowanego nadużywaniem leków” \u0000Wnioski: Ból głowy z nadużywania leków przeciwbólowych jest problemem ogólnoświatowym. Istnieje wiele czynników ryzyka odpowiedzialnych za rozwój tej choroby. Niektóre z nich są modyfikowalne, więc należy się na nich skupiać i edukować pacjentów i ich rodziny na temat tolerancji dawek przyjmowanych leków oraz możliwych uzależnieniach. Potrzebne są szeroko zakrojone randomizowane badania kliniczne, które pozwoliłyby porównać różne schematy leczenia i określić najlepsze podejście oparte na dowodach. Do tego czasu należy się skupiać na zwiększeniu świadomości o bólach głowy z nadużywania leków w populacji ogólnej. Leczenie MOH wymaga indywidualnego podejścia do pacjenta. Po zakończeniu leczenia ważne są regularne kontrole, by zapobiec nawrotom choroby.","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114351131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toxicity of anesthetic gases: exposure in operating rooms and influence on the environment.","authors":"Maciej Bara, Agata Janczak","doi":"10.56782/pps.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.157","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrous oxide, sevoflurane, isoflurane and desflurane are commonly used to provide anesthesia during surgical procedures. However, usage of inhaled anesthetics is not without its risks. Occupational exposure to those gases might have a harmful effect on medical personnel working not only at operating theaters, but also on post-operative wards and intensive care units. Long term exposure to volatile anesthetics may lead to liver and kidney damage and elevated plasma inflammatory markers. Episodes of misscarriage, preterm birth or congenital malformations have been observed in pregnant women. Neurotoxicity of these drugs also has been evidenced by recent studies. What is more, anesthetics are greenhouse gases that contribute to the climate crisis. Some of the gaseous anesthetics stay in the atmosphere for even 114 years after being released from the hospital environment. The aim of this paper is to review the dangers of occupational exposure to inhaled anesthetics and their impact on the environment, as well as to take a closer look at alternatives that could potentially replace the use of gaseous anesthetics.","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127344462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spinal muscular atrophy – the effectiveness of treatment and new therapeutic possibilities for selected groups of patients in Poland","authors":"Katarzyn Kozon, Małgorzata Krzyżanowska, Jakub Olszewski, Andrzej Patyra","doi":"10.56782/pps.134","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.134","url":null,"abstract":"Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a rare hereditary neuromuscular disorder caused by a genetic mutation in the Survival of motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, which is responsible for the production of a protein essential to motor neurons’ survival. Insufficient levels of the SMN protein lead to the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, which manifests in progressive muscle wasting. Due to the absence of an effective treatment in the early years, the disease was taking its toll with the respiratory problems being the primary cause of death. Currently, there are multiple approved treatments for SMA, which help to manage the symptoms and to prevent complications, such as nusinersen, risdiplam, and onasemnogene abeparovec. In Poland, nusinersen treatment has been offered free of charge by the public health service since 2019. It wasn’t until September 2022 that the reimbursement procedure included the other two drugs. The recently published studies on the nusinersen treatment in Poland showed stabilization or slowdown in the progression of symptoms in all patients. In March 2022, Poland implemented an SMA screening program for newborns, which aimed to detect this fatal and disabling disease before the infant displayed any SMA symptoms. The program resulted so far in early diagnosis and intervention providing a better prognosis for patients. Combination of newborn screening and the drug reimbursement program has significantly increased the chances of SMA patients for effective treatment.","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128793335","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simple Obesity in Children","authors":"Daria Żuraw, Paulina Oleksa, M. Sobczyk, Kacper Jasiński","doi":"10.56782/pps.145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.145","url":null,"abstract":"Otyłość prosta u dzieci jest jednym z najważniejszych, globalnych problemów zdrowia publicznego. Jest to przewlekła, ogólnoustrojowa choroba spowodowana zaburzeniem homeostazy energetycznej organizmu. Charakterystyczne jest patalogiczne zwiększenie ilości tkanki tłuszczowej, które prowadzi do powikłań ze strony wszystkich układów i narządów. Podstawową przyczyną otyłości prostej u dzieci jest zaburzenie homeostazy energetycznej między spożywanymi, a użytkowanymi kaloriami w ciągu doby - dodatni bilans energetyczny. Leczenie otyłości prostej u dzieci obejmuje ustrukturyzowany program redukcji masy ciała, dostosowany indywidualnie do każdego dziecka, obejmujący zmianę nawyków żywieniowych i stylu życia uwzględniając wysiłek fizyczny. Leki przeciw otyłości prostej mają ograniczone zastosowanie u dzieci. Natomiast chirurgia bariatryczna jest zarezerwowana dla nastolatków cierpiących na otyłość olbrzymią. Należy jednak pamiętać, że istnieje niewiele dowodów dotyczących długoterminowego bezpieczeństwa tej metody w leczeniu otyłości prostej u dzieci. Przeprowadzono przegląd literatury korzystając z baz danych PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, w latach 2002-2023 dla anglojęzycznych i polskojęzycznych metaanaliz, przeglądów systematycznych, randomizowanych badań klinicznych i badań obserwacyjnych z całego świata. Uwzględniono również strony internetowe organizacji naukowych, m.in. WHO. Celem pracy jest przedstawienie otyłości prostej jako choroby cywilizacyjnej, analiza głównych czynników wpływających na jej powstawanie, identyfikacja długoterminowych konsekwencji zdrowotnych oraz stosowanych metod prewencji i leczenia otyłości prostej u dzieci. Stale rosnący odsetek dzieci z otyłością prostą, dowodzi, że jest to jeden z podstawowych problemów epidemiologicznych współczesnej ludzkości.","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"113 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122619080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Total Phenolic, Flavonoid Contents, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Hesperis pendula","authors":"F. Mohammed, E. Kına, I. Uysal, M. Sevindik","doi":"10.56782/pps.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.135","url":null,"abstract":"Many natural products are used in complementary medicine. Plants are widely used among these natural products. In this study, it was aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, total antioxidant status and antimicrobial activity of Hesperis pendula DC. In this context, the above-ground parts of the plant were extracted with ethanol and methanol. The total antioxidant level of the plant was determined using Rel Assay Diagnostics kits (Megatıp/Türkiye). The total phenolic content was assessed using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Aluminum chloride assay was used to estimate the total flavonoid content. Antimicrobial activity was tested against bacterial and fungal strains by agar dilution method. As a result of the studies, it was observed that the ethanol extract of the plant had higher TAS (Total antioxidant status) (5.707±0.194 mmol/L), TOS (Total oxidant status) (21.646±0.239 µmol/L) and OSI (Oxidative stress index) (0.380±0.017) values. Total phenolic content was higher in ethanol extract (116.78±2.51 mg/g) while total flavonoid content was higher in methanol extract (93.64±2.16 mg/g). It was observed that the ethanol and methanol extracts of the plant inhibited the growth of bacteria at  100-200 µg/mL concentrations. It was determined that ethanol extract inhibited the growth of fungi at 200 µg/mL concentration and methanol extract at 200-400 µg/mL concentrations. In this context, it was determined that H. pendula could be a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial source.","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130175273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medicinal mushrooms: a comprehensive study on their antiviral potential","authors":"M. Sevindik, C. Bal, E. Eraslan, I. Uysal, F. Mohammed","doi":"10.56782/pps.141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.141","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial diseases have become quite common in recent years. The interest in new antimicrobial drugs is increasing due to the possible side effects of synthetic drugs and the emergence of resistant microorganisms due to unconscious antimicrobial drug use. Mushrooms have the potential to be used as a natural resource in the fight against microorganisms. In this context, in this study, the effects of different fungal species against different viral diseases were compiled in the literature. According to the findings, it has been reported in the literature that many different mushroom species are effective against Herpes virus (HSV-1, HSV-2, BoHV-1, HCMV), Influenza (A, B, H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H9N2) and Parainfluenza, Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Poxvirus, Vaccinia virus, Poliovirus, Vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV), Adenovirus, Syncytial virus (RSV), Dengue virus ( DENV-2), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis A, B, C virus, Feline calicivirus (FCV), Enterovirus, Coxsackievirus, Coronavirus, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and Tobacco Mosaic virus (TMV). In this context, it is thought that mushrooms can be a very important natural resource against viruses.","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123294362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activities, Total Phenolic and Element Contents of Wild Edible Mushroom Bovista nigrescens","authors":"Celal Bal, Emre Cem Eraslan, Mustafa Sevindik","doi":"10.56782/pps.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.139","url":null,"abstract":"Mushrooms are natural materials that spread in cosmopolitan manner. In this study, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of wild mushroom Bovista nigrescens Pers were determined. In addition, the total phenolic contents and element levels of the mushroom were determined. The mushroom was extracted with ethanol and methanol in a soxhlet apparatus. The antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) were measured using Rel Assay Diagnostics (Mega Tıp/Türkiye) kits. The agar dilution technique was used to test for antimicrobial activity. To quantify total phenolic content, the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was utilised. A device that uses atomic absorption to measure element concentrations was used. The results showed that the TAS value was the greatest in the ethanol extract. Methanol extract was found to have the highest values of both TOS and OSI. Ethanol extracts were shown to be effective against bacterial strains at concentrations of 50-200 μg/mL and against fungal strains at 100 μg/mL. The methanol extract was shown to be effective against bacteria at concentrations between 100 and 400 μg/mL, and against fungi at concentrations between 100 and 200 μg/mL. The ethanol extract and the methanol extract had total phenolic contents of 46.83±4.77 mg/g and 39.22±4.86 mg/g, respectively. Overall, element concentrations were determined to be consistent with what is reported in the literature. However, it was found that Pb content was rather high. Therefore, B. nigrescens was shown to possess antioxidant and antibacterial properties.","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"49 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135478136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Critical review on potentials of ethnopharmacological, ethnomedicinal and traditional practices of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig Ex L.) J. F. Macbr. (Family: Sapotaceae)","authors":"Dibyajyoti Saha, Satish Kumar Sarankar","doi":"10.56782/pps.130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.130","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal practices and their contribution to biodiversity preservation is now widely acknowledged. It is well recognized that the traditional application of medicinal plants in medicinal operations offers guidance for brand-new study areas. Ethnopharmacological studies are very helpful in the creation of herbal medications. One of the primary goals of these studies, which provide scientific documentation for medicinal plants used for specific therapeutic purposes, is the development of superior preparations for use by peoples. It is now commonly recognized how crucial the traditional medicinal uses of plants are for opening up new research areas. It is essential to preserve the traditional knowledge of ethnomedicine. Economic factors are significant, but traditional techniques also have appeal for social, cultural, and medicinal reasons. Madhuca longifolia has pharmaceutical, ethnomedicinal and ethnopharmacological values. The parts used include flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, barks etc. This medicinal plant is effective against various diseases, e.g. cancer, ulcers, as well as snakebite. So, the aim and rationale of the study were to explore the ethnopharmacological, ethnomedicinal and traditional practices of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig Ex L.) J. F. Macbr. (Family: Sapotaceae).","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135429377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytokine-targeted treatment in alopecia areata - new possibilities?","authors":"Maciej Stępień, Stanisław Anczyk","doi":"10.56782/pps.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.133","url":null,"abstract":"Alopecia areata is a form of non-scarring hair loss characterised by a recurrent and difficult-to-treat course. The aetiology of this disease is still incompletely understood. However, multiple immunological pathways and an abnormal cytokine profile in patients with alopecia areata have been described. There are many therapeutic options for patients with alopecia areata, including topical, intralesional or systemic corticosteroids, contact immunotherapy, phototherapy and non-corticosteroid immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine, methotrexate or azathioprine. However, these treatments have limited efficacy and may be associated with side effects. In addition, Janus kinase inhibitors have been shown to cause metabolic disorders. Therefore, their use in patients with alopecia areata may be limited. Other cytokine-targeted therapies have been shown to be effective in alopecia areata, such as apremilast (a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor), ustekinumab (a human immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 kappa monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin 12 and 23), abatacept (a soluble fusion protein which links the extracellular domain of human cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 to the modified Fc portion of human immunoglobulin G1), secukinumab (an IL-17A antagonist) and dupilumab (a monoclonal antibody that blocks interleukin 4 and interleukin 13). TNF inhibitors (such as infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept) have been described to be ineffective in alopecia areata. In addition, disease exacerbation after TNF therapy has been reported. Alefacept (an immunosuppressive dimeric fusion protein that consists of the extracellular CD2-binding part of human leukocyte function antigen-3 fused to the Fc part of human IgG1) and efalizumab (anti-CD11a monoclonal antibody) have not shown efficacy in alopecia areata. There are also isolated reports of alopecia areata after therapy with omalizumab (recombinant humanised monoclonal antibody anti-IgE), ixekizumab (inhibitor of IL-17A) and brodalumab (inhibitor of IL-17R).","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124828884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A REVIEW ON ANTIVIRAL PLANTS EFFECTIVE AGAINST DIFFERENT VIRUS TYPES","authors":"F. Mohammed, I. Uysal, M. Sevindik","doi":"10.56782/pps.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.56782/pps.128","url":null,"abstract":"The treatment of microbial infections has proven challenging for humans in recent years. Synthetic medications, such as antimicrobial agents, are used for treating these infections. Antimicrobials derived from natural sources have gained popularity as an alternative to manufactured medications due to their lack of adverse effects. Plants, which play a significant role in this setting, have historically served as a reliable natural defence against several pathogens. In this study, studies on plants used against viral diseases are mentioned. Studies on viruses that cause disease have been compiled in the literature. According to the findings, it has been reported in the literature that many different plant species are effective against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, HSV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza virus (A, B) and parainfluenza, Poliovirus, Astrovirus, Parvovirus, Sindbis virus (SINV), Feline calicivirus (FCV), Rhinovirus, Echovirus, Rotavirus, Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Reovirus, Vaccinia virus (VACV), Cardiovirus A (Encephalomyocarditis virus; EMCV), Coxsackie virus, Semliki forest, Measles virus, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Coronavirus, Adenovirus (ADV-3, ADV-5, ADV-8, ADV -11), Canine distemper virus (CDV), Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), Hepatitis A, B, C virus and Enterovirus. To combat viruses, plants can be considered a potentially invaluable natural resource.","PeriodicalId":295830,"journal":{"name":"Prospects in Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115749942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}