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Brittleness in Copper and Copper Alloys With Particular Reference to Hydrogen Embrittlement 铜及铜合金的脆性，特别是氢脆
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001447
A. Matting, R. Ziegler
{"title":"Brittleness in Copper and Copper Alloys With Particular Reference to Hydrogen Embrittlement","authors":"A. Matting, R. Ziegler","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001447","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hydrogen embrittlement is the brittleness affecting copper and copper alloys containing oxygen which develops during heat treatment at temperatures of about 400 deg C (752 deg F) and above in an atmosphere containing hydrogen. The phenomenon of hydrogen embrittlement of copper and its alloys is illustrated by examples from practice and reference is made to data from recent publications on the subject. Embrittlement due to this cause can only be identified by microscopic examination because other modes of failure in copper; e.g., from heat cracking, mechanical overload, the formation of low melting point eutectics or corrosion; show a similar appearance when investigated on a macroscopic scale.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"42 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117229660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Cracking of Pipe Nipples in Welding 焊接时管接头开裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001206
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Cracking of Pipe Nipples in Welding","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001206","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A number of seamless pipe nipples of 70 mm diam and 3.5 mm wall thickness made of steel type 35.8 were oxyacetylene welded to collectors of greater wall thickness with a round bead. X-ray examination showed crack initiation in the interior of the nipples close to the root of the weld seam. The cracks only appeared where the originally deposited bead was remelted in the regions of overlap. Given the construction and welding technique used, it would have been preferable to make the nipples of a steel lower in sulfur content. However, by taking advantage of all the potential in shaping and welding technology, it should be possible to prevent crack formation with steel type 35.8 of normal composition.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"173 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116414071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Intergranular Cracking in Heat-Exchanger Welds Due to Hot Shortness 热短导致的热交换器焊缝晶间裂纹
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0048751
{"title":"Intergranular Cracking in Heat-Exchanger Welds Due to Hot Shortness","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0048751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0048751","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The presence of subsurface cracks in a longitudinal weld seam of an AISI type 316 stainless steel heat-exchanger shell was revealed by radiographic testing. Numerous intergranular cracks associated with the root pass of the weld, which had propagated both parallel and normal to the weld seam, were revealed by metallographic examination (hot shortness). It was indicated by energy-dispersive spectroscopy that type 316 electrode was not used for the root pass and instead a nickel-copper alloy electrode was employed. It was thus concluded that cracking was caused due to the use of an incorrect electrode for the root pass as these electrodes are crack sensitive if overheated. The weld seam was completely ground out and replaced with the correct electrode material as a corrective measure.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"115 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124013303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure in Stainless Steel Welds Joining Low-Carbon Steel Handles to Type 502 Stainless Steel Covers Because of Martensite Zone in the Welds 低碳钢手柄与502型不锈钢盖板连接时，由于焊缝中存在马氏体区而导致不锈钢焊缝失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047566
{"title":"Failure in Stainless Steel Welds Joining Low-Carbon Steel Handles to Type 502 Stainless Steel Covers Because of Martensite Zone in the Welds","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047566","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Handles welded to the top cover plate of a chemical-plant downcomer broke at the welds when the handles were used to lift the cover. The handles were fabricated of low-carbon steel rod; the cover was of type 502 stainless steel plate. The attachment welds were made with type 347 stainless steel filler metal to form a fillet between the handle and the cover. The structure was found to contain a zone of brittle martensite in the portion of the weld adjacent to the low-carbon steel handle; fracture had occurred in this zone. The brittle martensite layer in the weld was the result of using too large a welding rod and too much heat input, melting of the low-carbon steel handle, which diluted the austenitic stainless steel filler metal and formed martensitic steel in the weld zone. Because it was impractical to preheat and postheat the type 502 stainless steel cover plate, the low-carbon steel handle was welded to low-carbon steel plate, using low-carbon steel electrodes. This plate was then welded to the type 502 stainless steel plate with type 310 stainless steel electrodes. This design produced a large weld section over which the load was distributed.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129967440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of a PVC Water-Filter Housing PVC滤水器外壳故障
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0090909
{"title":"Failure of a PVC Water-Filter Housing","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0090909","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0090909","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 An injection-molded PVC water-filter housing fractured in service. 75x views and visual inspection supported the conclusion that failure occurred due to fatigue crack propagation, as indicated by the presence of discontinuous crack-growth bands and their evolution. However, an initial fissure was believed to have started first due to residual stresses developed during injection molding. No recommendations were made.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125667316","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Welded Pipes with Hard Spots 带硬点的焊管
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001207
F. Naumann, F. Spies
{"title":"Welded Pipes with Hard Spots","authors":"F. Naumann, F. Spies","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001207","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Pipes made of low-carbon Thomas steel had been welded longitudinally employing the carbon-arc process with bare electrode wire made for argon-shielded arc welding. Difficulties were encountered during the cutting of threads because of the presence of hard spots. Microstructural examination showed welding conditions were such that a carburizing atmosphere developed, which led to an increase in carbon content and hardening at certain locations such as terminal bells and lap joints. This explained the processing difficulties during the threading operation.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"201202 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123362635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fatigue Failure of Hydraulic Press Cylinders 液压机油缸疲劳失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001416
{"title":"Fatigue Failure of Hydraulic Press Cylinders","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001416","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001416","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Hydraulic cylinders on three identical presses failed in a similar manner after approximately ten years' service life. The cylinder was a steel casting having a carbon content of the order of 0.3 to 0.4%. During machining of the internal surfaces, a sharp corner had been left at the junction of the head with the shell. From this stress raiser a fatigue crack had developed around the entire circumference of the cylinder to give a smooth crack of annular form. The use of a flat end to the cylinder, therefore, resulted in excessive stresses being introduced at the junction of the end with the cylinder.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114160442","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Hydrogen Embrittled Hydraulic Cylinders 氢脆液压缸
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001520
Stuart M. Myron
{"title":"Hydrogen Embrittled Hydraulic Cylinders","authors":"Stuart M. Myron","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c9001520","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Two types of chromium-plated hydraulic cylinders failed by cracking on their outer surfaces. In one case, the parts had a history of cracking in the nominally unstressed, as-fabricated condition. In another, cracks were detected after the cylinders were subjected to a pressure impulse test. Both part types were made of 15-5 PH (UNS S15500) precipitation hardening stainless steel. Hydrogen embrittlement cracking was the likely cause of failure for both part types. Cracking of the as-fabricated parts was ultimately prevented by changing the manufacturing procedure to allow for a reheat treatment. For parts that cracked after pressure testing, excessive dimensional changes precluded the inclusion of a reheat treatment as a manufacturing step, and further failure was averted by carefully employing proper machining practices, avoiding abusive machining.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121718606","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Failure of a Dragline Bucket Tooth 拖绳斗齿失效
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047428
{"title":"Failure of a Dragline Bucket Tooth","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0047428","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A cast dragline bucket tooth failed by fracturing after a short time in service. The tooth was made of medium-carbon low-alloy steel heat treated to a hardness of 555 HRB. The fracture surface was covered with chevron marks. These converged at several sites on the surface of the tooth. A hardfacing deposit was located at each of these sites. Visual inspection of the hardfacing deposits revealed numerous transverse cracks, characteristic of many types of hardfacing. This failure was caused by cracks present in hardfacing deposits that had been applied to the ultrahigh-strength steel tooth. Given the small critical crack sizes characteristic of ultrahigh-strength materials, it is generally unwise to weld them. It is particularly inadvisable to hardface ultrahigh-strength steel parts with hard, brittle, crack-prone materials when high service stresses will be encountered. The operators of the dragline bucket were warned against further hardfacing of these teeth.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115325086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Fracture of a Brine-Heater Shell at Welds 卤水加热器外壳在焊接处断裂
ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects Pub Date : 2019-06-01 DOI: 10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0048733
{"title":"Fracture of a Brine-Heater Shell at Welds","authors":"","doi":"10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0048733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31399/asm.fach.process.c0048733","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The brine-heater shell in a seawater-conversion plant failed by bursting along a welded joint connecting the hot well (C70600 per ASTM B 466) to the heater shell (ASTM A285, grade C steel). Three cracks in the welded joints between the heater shell and the hot well were revealed by visual inspection. It was observed that crack 1 and 2 were covered with high-temperature oxidation products which revealed that the surfaces had been separated for quite some time. A very high discontinuity stress which existed at the longitudinal welds between the hot well and the heater shell was revealed by stress analysis. It was interpreted that the cracks had originated shortly after the heater was put into operation and propagated slowly initially. The rate of propagation was interpreted to have increased due to discontinuity stresses greater than yield strength of the material. It was concluded that the brine heater cracked and fractured because it was overstressed in normal operation. The heater design was modified to make the heater shell and the hot well two separate units. A relief valve was recommended in the heater or in the steam line near the heater.","PeriodicalId":294593,"journal":{"name":"ASM Failure Analysis Case Histories: Processing Errors and Defects","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124106826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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