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The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance最新文献

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Cardiac involvement in oncologic patients 肿瘤患者的心脏受累
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0030
J. L. Jordan, M. Schmitt, Christopher A. Miller, A. Angelini, W. Hundley
{"title":"Cardiac involvement in oncologic patients","authors":"J. L. Jordan, M. Schmitt, Christopher A. Miller, A. Angelini, W. Hundley","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0030","url":null,"abstract":"As cancer survival rates improve, the development of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is becoming increasingly relevant and more widely recognized. Childhood survivors of cancer are seven times more likely to die from cardiac causes and 15 times more likely to develop heart failure than their contemporaries. It is not only well-established chemotherapeutic agents that promote cardiac morbidity, but also many newer ‘targeted’ agents share cancer and cardiac receptor targets that also promote cardiovascular injury. This chapter addresses how the imaging specialist may interact with patients receiving potentially cardiotoxic cancer treatment in three clinical scenarios: baseline assessment of cardiac anatomy and function, assessment of acute and subacute treatment-related complications, and long-term surveillance of cardiotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128665690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Dilated cardiomyopathy 扩张型心肌病
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0023
P. Masci, V. Maestrini, Deborah H Kwon
{"title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy","authors":"P. Masci, V. Maestrini, Deborah H Kwon","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0023","url":null,"abstract":"Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a common cause of heart failure in the general population. In the past decade, the prognosis of DCM patients has improved significantly, thanks to advances in medical therapy and the introduction of device(s) treatment. Despite these advances, the 10-year survival remains <60%, with deaths often preceded by numerous heart failure exacerbations, reflecting the difficulty associated with individual risk stratification. The clinical course varies widely, ranging from progressive heart failure or sudden death to excellent recovery of left ventricular function and good prognosis. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has progressively gained acceptance in the workup of patients with DCM, allowing a precise and non-invasive quantification of left and right ventricular volumes, mass, and function, along with tissue characterization of the myocardium. CMR plays a crucial clinical role in DCM patients by helping to identify the potential aetiology and to assess for novel CMR prognostic markers improving risk stratification. Recent evidence also suggests that CMR has a role in the selection of candidates who likely benefit from device(s) therapy.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117044230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Basic pulse sequences 基本脉冲序列
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0005
S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel
{"title":"Basic pulse sequences","authors":"S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Pulse sequences control the timing of radiofrequency pulses and time-varying gradients that are necessary to create an image. Sequences are divided into different types: gradient echo, spin echo, and hybrid echo sequences. In cardiac imaging, ‘black blood’ spin echo images are used for anatomical imaging, while ‘bright blood’ imaging is used to study function and is based on gradient echo or hybrid echo sequences. Some key applications of those sequences, e.g. water–fat imaging or T2*-mapping to detect iron loading, are discussed. Preparation pulses can be used to modify image contrast to, for example, improve black blood images or for quantitative applications, including T1- and T2-mapping. To help the reader navigate through the sea of sequence acronyms, the chapter ends with a quick guide covering the acronyms used by the main scanner manufacturers.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122321520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Malignant tumours 恶性肿瘤
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0042
Cristina Basso, Peter T. Buser, Stefania Rizzo, Massimo Lombardi, G. Thiene
{"title":"Malignant tumours","authors":"Cristina Basso, Peter T. Buser, Stefania Rizzo, Massimo Lombardi, G. Thiene","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0042","url":null,"abstract":"In adult patients, sarcomas are the most frequently encountered primary cardiac malignant tumours, followed by lymphomas. Primary sarcomas of the heart form a group of tumours with variable differentiation and cell pleomorphism. According to histopathology, they are categorized as angiosarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma, and myxofibrosarcomas. On cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), most sarcomas appear extremely heterogeneous and usually cannot be differentiated from each other. Some cases with angiosarcomas can be identified by their specific appearance with early- and late-enhancement CMR. Some features of early- and late-enhancement CMR may argue for lymphoma, when discussing the differential diagnosis of a malignant primary cardiac mass.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129878746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Global and regional cardiac function 全球和区域心脏功能
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0014
A. Maceira, A. Young
{"title":"Global and regional cardiac function","authors":"A. Maceira, A. Young","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0014","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance is currently the most accurate and reproducible method for the measurement of biventricular global and regional systolic function, as well as diastolic and atrial function. Regional wall motion can be visually evaluated and quantified with tissue tagging or feature tracking analysis techniques. Wall motion analysis is usually performed at rest but can also be done with low-dose and high-dose dobutamine. Segmental strain is best measured with tissue tagging or displacement-encoded phase contrast imaging. Current analysis software enables the measurement of ventricular volumes throughout the cardiac cycle, and assessment of left and right ventricular diastolic function can be done by evaluating the time–flow curve, derived from the volume–time curve obtained in the volumetric analysis. Although contrast between flowing blood and the myocardium in cardiac cine images is typically excellent, the precise placement of the contours is reader-dependent and training is highly recommended due to the subjective nature of contour placement.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"87 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130987180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Chronic ischaemic heart disease 慢性缺血性心脏病
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0020
B. Gerber, M. Al-Mallah, J. Lima, Mohammad R. Ostovaneh
{"title":"Chronic ischaemic heart disease","authors":"B. Gerber, M. Al-Mallah, J. Lima, Mohammad R. Ostovaneh","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is one of the most common cardiac conditions worldwide and is generally caused by the consequences of coronary atherosclerosis, including myocardial infarction. Clinical challenges in chronic IHD include detection of myocardial ischaemia in symptomatic patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD), evaluation of myocardial viability in patients with established IHD and poor left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) when revascularization is considered, as well as risk stratification and identification of patients with chronic IHD at high risk of complications. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) can provide vital answers to all three of these challenges. Stress CMR is now increasingly used to detect ischaemia by means of vasodilator stress perfusion or dobutamine stress contractile reserve stress imaging. For viability assessment, late gadolinium enhancement is currently the method of choice to detect myocardial infarction, and low-dose dobutamine stress magnetic resonance can provide additional information to determine viability and guide therapy. Cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic IHD is mainly determined by left ventricular function, most commonly utilizing LVEF, as well as infarct size, infarct characteristics, and ischaemic burden, which can all be measured reliably with CMR. This chapter will review the role of CMR for the detection of myocardial ischaemia, viability, and risk.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116174755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Mapping techniques 映射技术
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0017
V. Ferreira, D. Messroghli
{"title":"Mapping techniques","authors":"V. Ferreira, D. Messroghli","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0017","url":null,"abstract":"Parametric mapping provides quantitative information on changes in magnetic properties of the heart, which reflect alterations in myocardial tissue composition and their environment. These magnetic properties include T1 (spin-lattice), T2 (spin–spin), and T2* relaxation times. The basic principle of mapping techniques is that each tissue type has a normal range for these parameters, deviation from which may indicate disease or a change in physiology. The two principal outputs derived from T1 mapping are native T1 values and extracellular volume fraction (ECV). Native T1 represents a composite signal from the intra- and extracellular components of the myocardium. ECV quantification is derived from native and post-contrast T1 values of the myocardium and blood, using an extracellular contrast agent, and the haematocrit. It permits assessment of the interstitial space as a surrogate marker for diffuse myocardial fibrosis or other aetiologies of ECV expansion. T2 and native T1 are increased by the accumulation of free water content in the myocardium. T2*-mapping is used to detect myocardial iron loading, as T2* (but also T1) is shortened by paramagnetic molecules such as iron and oxygen. Parametric mapping may detect subclinical or diffuse myocardial processes not accessible to conventional CMR methods, and has relevant applications in a wide range of cardiac diseases. With increasing evidence of clinical utility, parametric mapping techniques are expected to become important diagnostic and prognostic tools in myocardial tissue characterization.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121706825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Blood flow and phase contrast CMR 血流和相衬CMR
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0018
W. Witschey, M. Markl
{"title":"Blood flow and phase contrast CMR","authors":"W. Witschey, M. Markl","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Flow-sensitive cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is a widespread non-invasive imaging method for the clinical evaluation of blood flow in cardiovascular disease. The basic principle of phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the use of bipolar gradients to encode blood velocity in the magnetic resonance (MR) signal phase. The most common type of flow-encoded scan two-dimensional (2D) cine phase contrast CMR with single-direction velocity encoding is clinically used to quantify cardiovascular flow and velocities. Trade-offs between resolution (temporal and spatial) and acquisition time are illustrated in the context of patient examination, considering high-velocity jet flow, patient breath-hold duration, respiratory motion artefacts, and patient comfort. In addition, the chapter describes how the velocity-to-noise ratio and aliasing behaviour of flow measurements are affected by the velocity-encoding sensitivity (VENC). An advantage of phase contrast MR is that flow encoding may be performed in all three spatial dimensions, improving peak velocity measurement accuracy. Several clinical applications (aortic stenosis, coarctation, and ventricular shunting) and best practices are explained in detail with illustrations. Analysis and post-processing of phase contrast data are summarized. The progressive development of advanced phase contrast techniques is discussed by adding incremental complexity, starting with 2D phase contrast (2D spatial and one-dimensional velocity) and ending with four-dimensional flow encoding (three-dimensional spatial and velocity). Methods to accelerate phase contrast, such as parallel imaging, are briefly discussed. Finally, the chapter concludes with a summary of emerging topics for accelerated scanning and special applications such as compressed sensing, real-time phase contrast, and ultra-short echo time imaging.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"110 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122743369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
MRI set-up and safety 核磁共振成像装置与安全
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0010
R. Luechinger, T. Sommer
{"title":"MRI set-up and safety","authors":"R. Luechinger, T. Sommer","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a safe diagnostic tool, with several hundred millions of safe diagnostic studies performed to date. However, there have been at least 15 published cases of patient deaths associated with MRI scanning: ten patients with implanted pacemakers, two patients with an insulin pump, one patient with a neurostimulator, one patient with an aneurysm clip, and one child killed by an oxygen tank. Additionally, hundreds of cases of severe burns or injuries due to ferromagnetic projectiles have also been reported. The main sources of all these risks are the electromagnetic fields of the MRI scanner used to create the images.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"51 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114402364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Double-outlet right ventricle 右心室双出口
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0056
S. Yoo, W. Helbing
{"title":"Double-outlet right ventricle","authors":"S. Yoo, W. Helbing","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0056","url":null,"abstract":"Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) encompasses a wide variety of abnormalities and requires precise demonstration of the cardiovascular abnormalities using a segmental approach for surgical decision and planning. The most important is whether the left ventricle can be directed surgically to the aorta without obstruction of the pulmonary outflow tract of the right ventricle. Echocardiography is the baseline imaging modality in preoperative assessment of DORV. In complex cases, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides comprehensive information regarding important surgical anatomy, blood flow, and ventricular volumes. Three-dimensional (3D) angiograms and 3D print models may provide undisputable information regarding surgical anatomy and allows practice surgery on the models prior to actual surgery. DORV is frequently associated with post-operative residual findings that require reintervention. CMR is particularly useful in post-operative assessment, as it provides accurate quantitative information regarding ventricular volumes and blood flow for decision and timing of surgical or interventional procedures.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131765894","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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