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The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance最新文献

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Image quality and artefacts 图像质量和人工制品
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0009
S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel
{"title":"Image quality and artefacts","authors":"S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Good and reproducible image quality is essential for clinical diagnosis. Although image quality can be defined in numerous ways, signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios are often used as indicators. Despite our best efforts, image artefacts are part and parcel of CMR imaging and are sometimes unavoidable. Image artefacts can be caused by patients (e.g. motion, chemical shift artefacts), image acquisition and reconstruction (e.g. foldover artefacts), or equipment/external interferences (e.g. radiofrequency leakage). The most common image artefacts encountered in cardiac imaging and strategies to avoid or reduce them are discussed in this chapter.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"501 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123061218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy Arrhythmogenic心肌病
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0025
F. Marcus, H. Tandri, M. P. Marra, A. Abidov
{"title":"Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy","authors":"F. Marcus, H. Tandri, M. P. Marra, A. Abidov","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0025","url":null,"abstract":"Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a genetic disease that is manifested clinically with ventricular arrhythmias between the ages of 20 and 50. There is no single ‘standard’ for the diagnosis that needs to be based on a combination of electrical structural and genetic abnormalities. Two-dimensional echocardiography is the usual imaging modality that is preferred in patients suspected of the disease, but cardiovascular magnetic resonance has the advantage of quantitative assessment of right and left ventricular function, as well as being more precise in evaluating cardiac wall motion abnormalities. Other imaging modalities, such as three-dimensional echocardiography and cardiac computed tomography scanning, are promising diagnostic techniques in identifying those individuals who present with dominant left ventricular involvement.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121093640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 115
CMR approach in cardiac tumours 心脏肿瘤的CMR入路
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0040
C. Basso, P. Buser, S. Rizzo, M. Lombardi, G. Thiene
{"title":"CMR approach in cardiac tumours","authors":"C. Basso, P. Buser, S. Rizzo, M. Lombardi, G. Thiene","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0040","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging of cardiac masses provides a multplicity of information, e.g. on localization, extension, dimensions, infiltration of cardiac and/or peri-/para-cardiac tissue, influence on cardiac function and flow, vascularization of the mass, and most importantly tissue characterization. However, since time to investigate a patient within the magnetic resonance scanner is limited, it is recommended to follow published CMR protocols in order to perform highly efficient CMR examinations and nevertheless receive optimized information per unit of investigational time. Furthermore, some criteria may allow differentiation of benign from malignant tumours.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"12 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120995882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CMR applications CMR的应用程序
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0008
S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel
{"title":"CMR applications","authors":"S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0008","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of cardiac morphology, function, and pathology requires the use of different pulse sequences (spin echo, gradient echo, hybrid echo), preparation pulses to manipulate image contrast, and data acquisition strategies such as parallel imaging, single-shot versus segmented acquisition, or contrast versus non-contrast imaging techniques. This chapter presents some of the main cardiac applications: morphology and function, stress perfusion imaging, viability assessment using late gadolinium enhancement, flow quantification, angiography, and fat suppression techniques. For each application, a description of its use within the clinical context is provided, along with the main sequence parameters and their effect on image contrast, acquisition time, and image quality.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"294 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115230020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Takotsubo syndrome
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0024
I. Eitel, A. V. Rossum, T. Stiermaier, H. Thiele
{"title":"Takotsubo syndrome","authors":"I. Eitel, A. V. Rossum, T. Stiermaier, H. Thiele","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0024","url":null,"abstract":"Takotsubo syndrome (TTS), a form of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy characterized by a peculiar pattern of transient left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, has drawn increasing research interest in the last decade. While clinical and epidemiological features have been well characterized, the main pathophysiological mechanism of TTS remains largely unknown. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is uniquely suited for the evaluation of patients with TTS. In addition to identifying the typical regional wall motion abnormalities, it allows for precise quantification of right ventricular and LV function, the assessment of additional abnormalities/complications (e.g. pericardial and/or pleural effusion, LV thrombi), and most importantly myocardial tissue characterization (myocardial oedema, inflammation, necrosis/fibrosis). Thus, CMR enables a comprehensive assessment of the entire spectrum of functional and structural changes that occur in patients with TTS. This chapter outlines the role of CMR in TTS and demonstrates that CMR provides important diagnostic information and allows for verifying all relevant functional and tissue criteria to establish or rule out the diagnosis of TTS.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115238345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Extra-cardiac findings Extra-cardiac发现
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0058
J. Rodrigues, F. Secchi, M. Lombardi, C. Bucciarelli-Ducci, F. Pugliese
{"title":"Extra-cardiac findings","authors":"J. Rodrigues, F. Secchi, M. Lombardi, C. Bucciarelli-Ducci, F. Pugliese","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0058","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an established, non-invasive technique to comprehensively assess cardiovascular structure and function in a variety of acquired and inherited cardiac conditions. In the process of acquiring CMR images, the inferior neck, entire thorax, and upper abdomen are routinely imaged, particularly in the initial multi-slice axial and coronal images. Identifying and reporting extra-cardiac findings at the time of CMR has ethical, financial, and medicolegal implications. Not all extra-cardiac findings are incidental, and occasionally they may contribute to the interpretation of the primary cardiac pathology, as some cardiac conditions have multi-systemic extra-cardiac involvement. However, the majority of extra-cardiac findings are incidental but may still be clinically important and may alter clinical management. Given that several of the cardiovascular risk factors for atherosclerosis are also risk factors for malignancy, certain patient groups undergoing CMR are at potential risk for important extra-cardiac findings. This chapter aims to provide a systematic overview of the type of extra-cardiac findings that may be detected on CMR, subdivided by anatomical location. Focus is placed on normal variant anatomy that may be confused for pathology, common extra-cardiac findings, and important imaging signs that help distinguish important pathology from benign entities. A framework to the approach and potential further diagnostic workup of incidental extra-cardiac findings discovered at the time of CMR is provided.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132329035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CMR in the multi-modality environment: status and perspectives 多模态环境下的CMR:现状与展望
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0059
F. Rademakers, M. Lombardi, C. Kramer
{"title":"CMR in the multi-modality environment: status and perspectives","authors":"F. Rademakers, M. Lombardi, C. Kramer","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0059","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) as an imaging technique in cardiology is fairly recent, compared to echocardiography and nuclear imaging, but has evolved enormously over the last 20 years, with respect to technical improvements, and achieved much in terms of indications, validation, and prognostic implications. Due to several factors, including cost, expertise, availability to cardiac indications, and installed base, CMR remains underused, but things are improving, as witnessed by the growing use and increased presence of CMR in multi-modality guidelines. This can be further advanced by using the strengths of CMR and the expertise of the CMR community in the development of diagnostic pathways where CMR can find its legitimate place among the different imaging modalities. To convince the payers of this position, cost-effectiveness studies showing the efficiency and efficacy of CMR in specific indications are clearly needed. And in a world where patients themselves appropriately participate in their own diagnostic and therapeutic paths, involving patients more directly in setting up research and writing guidelines might be a key factor to the appropriate use of CMR.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125166082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Molecular and cellular imaging in cardiovascular disease 心血管疾病的分子和细胞成像
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0065
D. Sosnovik
{"title":"Molecular and cellular imaging in cardiovascular disease","authors":"D. Sosnovik","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0065","url":null,"abstract":"Molecular imaging has traditionally been performed with nuclear or optical imaging techniques due to their extremely high sensitivity. However, over the last 1-2 decades, molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a highly feasible and accurate alternative. Many molecular targets of interest in the cardiovascular system are abundantly expressed and can be imaged using conventional gadolinium chelates. More sparsely expressed targets can be imaged with targeted nanoparticles, which have far higher magnetic relaxivities. The use of 19-fluorine to label cells can be performed, in conjunction with proton MRI, on conventional magnetic resonance scanners. In addition, recently developed manganese-based probes may provide an alternative to gadolinium, and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging may allow molecular targeting to be performed without any exogenous contrast agents. The combination of therapeutic and diagnostic effects (theranostics) is an area of intense interest and is being actively explored in the cardiovascular arena.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122034323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Basic MR physics 基础磁共振物理
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0002
S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel
{"title":"Basic MR physics","authors":"S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"In magnetic resonance, the properties of protons in tissue giving rise to so-called magnetic moments are exploited. The sum of many magnetic moments yields what is referred to as net magnetization, which can be seen as similar to the magnetization a bar magnet produces. The relation and interaction between magnetic moments, net magnetization, the static magnetic field, and radiofrequency fields are discussed. It is shown that radiofrequency excitation can be used to manipulate the net magnetization, such that it can be detected using radiofrequency antennae or coils. Upon excitation, the net magnetization will recover back to its equilibrium orientation with tissue-specific time constants for the transverse and longitudinal components, which, in turn, are important sources of image contrast in cardiac imaging. The discussion concludes with a foray into susceptibility and chemical shift effects resulting from different molecular environments in which protons can reside and which provide additional image contrast mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"46 Suppl 7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131507943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Assessing shunts 评估分流术
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0050
L. Grosse-Wortmann
{"title":"Assessing shunts","authors":"L. Grosse-Wortmann","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0050","url":null,"abstract":"Appropriate care for patients with shunt lesions mandates an exact understanding of their anatomy and haemodynamics. While echocardiography remains the first-line imaging tool and is frequently sufficient in the evaluation of shunts, there are situations in which the anatomical delineation remains incomplete and the shunt magnitude is uncertain. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) demonstrates the anatomy of intra- and extra-cardiac shunts and is the gold standard for the quantification of shunt magnitude and ventricular volume loading. Particularly in complex shunt lesions and patients with insufficient acoustic windows, CMR is a valuable diagnostic tool. Short-cut communications between the pulmonary and systemic circulation shunts occur in isolation or as part of complex congenital heart disease. This chapter explores how CMR aids in the diagnosis, workup, and interventional planning of shunt lesions.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131664619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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