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The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance最新文献

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Four-dimensional flow CMR 四维血流 CMR
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0064
M. Bissell
{"title":"Four-dimensional flow CMR","authors":"M. Bissell","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0064","url":null,"abstract":"Four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance allows visualization and quantification of blood flow in three-dimensional images in the heart and main blood vessels. Image acquisition currently takes around 8–30 minutes, depending on the area of interest. While temporal resolution is reduced, compared to two-dimensional flow analysis, the main advantages include easy prescription of acquisition, three-dimensional visualization, calculation of Qp/Qs in the same dataset, retrospective plane placement, and quantification of novel advanced imaging biomarkers.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"482 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127565223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
CMR of vascular disease 血管疾病的CMR
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0037
F. Alpendurada, C. Nienaber, R. Mohiaddin
{"title":"CMR of vascular disease","authors":"F. Alpendurada, C. Nienaber, R. Mohiaddin","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0037","url":null,"abstract":"Vascular disease comprises a heterogeneous group of conditions which are increasing in prevalence, due to an ageing population, and also in complexity as new treatment options emerge. Imaging is pivotal not only for diagnosis, but also for determining optimal management, including timing and type of intervention when appropriate. Several imaging modalities are routinely used in the assessment of vascular disease, including invasive angiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), each with its own advantages and limitations. The indications for CMR include the initial evaluation of vascular disease, and in particular serial monitoring. Multi-planar acquisition by CMR allows for the complete coverage of the vessels, and cine imaging enables the coupling of anatomical with functional information which can be extended to the heart for an integrated perspective. Tissue characterization infers different components of the vessel wall, but calcification is not well appreciated by CMR as it is by CT. Despite these advantages, the requirement for breath-holds in most acquisitions, relatively long study times, and incompatibility with some medical equipment in a magnetic environment limit its use in the unstable patient.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127799665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging 扩散张量磁共振成像
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0063
D. Sosnovik
{"title":"Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging","authors":"D. Sosnovik","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0063","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0063","url":null,"abstract":"The microstructure of the heart has a major impact on its mechanical and electrical properties. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI) exploits the anisotropic restriction of water diffusion in the myocardium to resolve its microstructure. Recent advances in the field have included the development of acceleration-compensated diffusion-encoded sequences, the investigation of sheet dynamics, and the development of highly accelerated techniques to enable whole heart coverage. Translational studies have demonstrated the utility of DTI in heart failure and other cardiomyopathies. While DTI of the heart remains investigational, ongoing advances in the field will soon allow the technique to be performed reliably and quickly in appropriate clinical scenarios.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131108186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Non-compaction or excessive trabeculation cardiomyopathy 非压实性或过度小梁性心肌病
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0026
S. Petersen, A. Almeida, A. Angelini, Yuchi Han
{"title":"Non-compaction or excessive trabeculation cardiomyopathy","authors":"S. Petersen, A. Almeida, A. Angelini, Yuchi Han","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0026","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiomyopathies with excessive trabeculations, often labelled as ‘left ventricular non-compaction’, can lead to complications, including heart failure, life-threatening heart rhythm disturbances, and cardiac emboli. The main patho-anatomical substrate is increased cardiac trabeculations. Cardiac imaging can depict the location and extent of trabeculations in the ventricle. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance is increasingly requested to confirm or exclude cardiomyopathy with excessive trabeculations when clinically suspected or in patients with a known family history. The ‘non-compaction-to-compaction ratio’ and the trabecular mass are the two most commonly used diagnostic approaches that have good diagnostic accuracy when used in patients with an intermediate pre-test probability. Increased trabeculations in the context of a low pre-test probability, and no other cardiac abnormalities considered associated with this cardiomyopathy, appear benign and may not represent disease.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"255 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114098062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Introduction: general considerations on the future of CMR 导言:对CMR未来的一般考虑
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0060
S. Neubauer
{"title":"Introduction: general considerations on the future of CMR","authors":"S. Neubauer","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0060","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has become one of the great pillars of cardiac imaging. Modern CMR, as we now practise it, is the result of an enormous method and application development effort that occurred over the past 25 years and has taken CMR from its humble beginnings of anatomical T1- and T2-weighted imaging to the extremely versatile, accurate, and robust technique it is now. The main developments over this time, building on the anatomical imaging, were the establishment of cine imaging for assessment of cardiac function, first-pass perfusion imaging for measurement of perfusion reserve, as well as myocardial blood flow (in millilitre per minute and gram), late gadolinium enhancement for imaging of scar and patchy fibrosis, and two-dimensional flow velocity imaging for the assessment of valve and shunt lesions. This chapter aims to address the question of what the game changers for CMR are in the next 10-20 years.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114843636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Epidemiology and classification 流行病学和分类
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0039
C. Basso, P. Buser, S. Rizzo, M. Lombardi, G. Thiene
{"title":"Epidemiology and classification","authors":"C. Basso, P. Buser, S. Rizzo, M. Lombardi, G. Thiene","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0039","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiac masses include tumours, thrombi, vegetations, calcific lesions, and other very rare conditions. Cardiac tumours include benign tumours and tumour-like lesions, malignant tumours, and pericardial tumours. The estimated prevalence for primary cardiac tumours is 1:2.000 and for secondary tumours 1:100 autopsies. The incidence of cardiac metastases ranges from 2.3% to 18.3% of patients with extra-cardiac malignancies. About 10% of primary cardiac tumours are malignant and 90% benign. The majority of primary benign cardiac tumours are myxomas, followed by papillary fibroelastomas. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcomas are the most common primary malignant cardiac tumours, followed by angiosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126832108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 25
Cardiac involvement in systemic diseases and secondary cardiomyopathies 心脏参与全身性疾病和继发性心肌病
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0031
Amit Patel, T. Miszalski-Jamka, S. Mavrogeni, J. Schulz-Menger
{"title":"Cardiac involvement in systemic diseases and secondary cardiomyopathies","authors":"Amit Patel, T. Miszalski-Jamka, S. Mavrogeni, J. Schulz-Menger","doi":"10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779735.003.0031","url":null,"abstract":"Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is an important tool for the evaluation of patients with systemic diseases and secondary cardiomyopathies such as sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, the vasculitides, rheumatoid arthritis, the muscular dystrophies, and several others. Although the clinical manifestation of these systemic disorders can be variable, it is increasingly evident that a significant amount of cardiovascular involvement can exist prior to the development of obvious functional abnormalities such as a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction. Because CMR can evaluate many aspects of heart disease such as cardiac structure and function, including, but not limited to, myocardial perfusion, fibrosis, and inflammation, these previously difficult-to-identify cardiac abnormalities associated with systemic diseases and secondary cardiomyopathies can readily be identified, even in the absence of abnormalities on other non-invasive tests. The basic time-efficient protocol includes assessment of function and focal fibrosis applying late gadolinium enhancement. Reversible changes can be detected by oedema imaging. Recent developments allow quantification of subtle changes using parametric mapping. Improved detection of heart disease in these patients allows for earlier initiation of medical therapy and may identify those at highest risk for developing complications such as heart failure, significant arrhythmias, and other potentially life-threatening problems. This chapter reviews the role of CMR in the evaluation and management of these disorders.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128418893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
The MR scanner in a nutshell 简而言之就是核磁共振扫描仪
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0001
S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel
{"title":"The MR scanner in a nutshell","authors":"S. Kozerke, R. Boubertakh, M. Miquel","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0001","url":null,"abstract":"In the magnetic resonance (MR) scanner, a well-controlled interplay of a static main magnetic field, time-varying gradient magnetic fields, and radiofrequency fields is used to generate images. Here these three different types of magnetic or electromagnetic fields are summarized in relation to hardware components of the MR system. The sequential activation of gradient magnetic and radiofrequency fields, along with the data collection process, is accomplished using MR pulse sequences, of which the overall concept is outlined.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127363304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Interventional CMR (MRI catheterization) 介入性CMR (MRI导管)
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0066
R. Lederman
{"title":"Interventional CMR (MRI catheterization)","authors":"R. Lederman","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0066","url":null,"abstract":"Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is currently suitable to guide diagnostic MRI cardiovascular catheterization in patients. This approach is attractive to characterize haemodynamics and function concurrently, especially in the evaluation of cardiomyopathy and pulmonary artery hypertension. Safe clinical guidewires are entering commercial distribution and, combined with passive catheters, allow successful MRI catheterization in adults and children. This chapter briefly describes suitable instrumentation and approaches.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"66 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132806999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Early and late gadolinium enhancement 早期和晚期钆增强
The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Pub Date : 2018-09-01 DOI: 10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0016
J. Selvanayagam, G. Nucifora
{"title":"Early and late gadolinium enhancement","authors":"J. Selvanayagam, G. Nucifora","doi":"10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/MED/9780198779735.003.0016","url":null,"abstract":"The peculiar features of gadolinium-chelated contrast agents and the development of contrast-enhanced inversion recovery technique in the late 1990s formed the basis of early and late gadolinium enhancement imaging, revolutionizing the application of magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cardiac diseases. Several clinical studies have indeed demonstrated the clinical benefits of early and late gadolinium enhancement imaging, including the discrimination between scarred/fibrotic myocardium and normal myocardium and the identification of mural thrombi and areas of microvascular obstruction among patients with acute myocardial infarction. The technique currently plays a key role in the differential diagnosis between cardiac diseases with ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiology and in the assessment of patients with acute myocardial infarction and its complications. Due to its invaluable ability to provide diagnostic and prognostic information, it is indeed more frequently implemented for patients’ clinical management and decision-making. This chapter discusses the technical aspects of early and late gadolinium enhancement imaging, reviews the initial studies that led to the validation of the technique, and focuses on its application according to the main clinical syndromes (i.e. acute and chronic myocardial infarction, heart failure, conduction diseases, and ventricular arrhythmias). Guidelines for correct image acquisition and interpretation will be also provided, in particular, how to deal with patients with cardiac arrhythmias or with patients unable to breath-hold properly, and how to discriminate true late gadolinium enhancement areas from artefacts is discussed.","PeriodicalId":294042,"journal":{"name":"The EACVI Textbook of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116394657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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