Four-dimensional flow CMR

Abstract

Four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance allows visualization and quantification of blood flow in three-dimensional images in the heart and main blood vessels. Image acquisition currently takes around 8–30 minutes, depending on the area of interest. While temporal resolution is reduced, compared to two-dimensional flow analysis, the main advantages include easy prescription of acquisition, three-dimensional visualization, calculation of Qp/Qs in the same dataset, retrospective plane placement, and quantification of novel advanced imaging biomarkers.