International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal最新文献_第8页

The Effects of Decentralized and Video-Based Extension on the Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility Management – Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia 分散和视频推广对采用综合土壤肥力管理的影响——来自埃塞俄比亚的实验证据

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-07-01 DOI: 10.3386/W26052

Denise Hörner, Adrien Bouguen, M. Frölich, M. Wollni

{"title":"The Effects of Decentralized and Video-Based Extension on the Adoption of Integrated Soil Fertility Management – Experimental Evidence from Ethiopia","authors":"Denise Hörner, Adrien Bouguen, M. Frölich, M. Wollni","doi":"10.3386/W26052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W26052","url":null,"abstract":"The slow adoption of new agricultural technologies is an important factor in explaining persistent productivity deficits among smallholders in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Farmers delay in particular the uptake of technology packages. Since knowledge constraints are an important barrier to adoption, effective extension approaches are key. In recent decades, extension systems in many SSA countries have moved towards decentralized “bottom-up” models involving farmers as active stakeholders. In this study we assess the effects of a decentralized extension program and an additional video intervention on the adoption of integrated soil fertility management (ISFM) among 2,382 farmers in Ethiopia using a randomized controlled trial. ISFM should enhance soil fertility and productivity by combining organic and inorganic soil amendments. We find that both extension-only and extension combined with video increase ISFM adoption and knowledge. We further find evidence for increased adoption of ISFM practices among farmers in treatment communities that do not actively participate in the extension activities. The additional video intervention shows a significant complementary effect for these non-actively involved farmers, in particular regarding the combined use of the practices on the same plot. A causal mediation analysis reveals that increases in knowledge explain part of the treatment effects on adoption.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"170 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116325152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 11

The Shifting Fortunes of the Economic Technocracy in Uganda: Caught Between State-Building and Regime Survival? 乌干达经济技术官僚的命运转移:夹在国家建设和政权生存之间?

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-06-17 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3437761

Badru Bukenya, S. Hickey

{"title":"The Shifting Fortunes of the Economic Technocracy in Uganda: Caught Between State-Building and Regime Survival?","authors":"Badru Bukenya, S. Hickey","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3437761","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3437761","url":null,"abstract":"Uganda’s impressive levels of economic growth over most of the past three decades have often been linked to the performance of its economic technocracy, particularly the government’s high-powered Ministry of Finance, Economic Planning and Development (MFPED). This paper argues that MFPED (or parts thereof) can indeed be seen as ‘pockets of effectiveness’, with the Ministry often managing to deliver effectively on its mandate, in a context in which this is not the norm. This can be explained in part by the functional and legally mandated nature of some of the tasks that MFPED delivers and in part by the strong levels of international support and oversight. However, we also find that MFPED’s performance has varied considerably over time, despite these favourable factors, particularly in terms of its capacity to control the budgetary process and public expenditure. This variation can be traced to shifts within Uganda’s political settlement, which moved from being broadly ‘dominant-developmental’ to ‘vulnerable-populist’ in character from the early 2000s onwards. This shift profoundly altered the ‘embedded autonomy’ that MFPED had previously enjoyed with regards its relationship with State House, in ways that have undermined MFPED’s capacity to deliver on its mandate. Despite efforts to regain both power and autonomy in recent years, MFPED remains subject to the politics of regime survival in Uganda, in ways that undermine its effectiveness. Whilst this may loosen the hold of neoliberal economic governance in Uganda and enable alternative perspectives to emerge, the more immediate effects have been to damage prospects for policy coherence and economic growth in the country.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"68 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132385609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

'Un'Fair Machine Learning Algorithms “不公平”的机器学习算法

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-06-10 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3408275

Runshan Fu, Manmohan Aseri, Param Vir Singh, K. Srinivasan

{"title":"'Un'Fair Machine Learning Algorithms","authors":"Runshan Fu, Manmohan Aseri, Param Vir Singh, K. Srinivasan","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3408275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3408275","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring fairness in algorithmic decision making is a crucial policy issue. Current legislation ensures fairness by barring algorithm designers from using demographic information in their decision making. As a result, to be legally compliant, the algorithms need to ensure equal treatment. However, in many cases, ensuring equal treatment leads to disparate impact particularly when there are differences among groups based on demographic classes. In response, several “fair” machine learning (ML) algorithms that require impact parity (e.g., equal opportunity) at the cost of equal treatment have recently been proposed to adjust for the societal inequalities. Advocates of fair ML propose changing the law to allow the use of protected class-specific decision rules. We show that the proposed fair ML algorithms that require impact parity, while conceptually appealing, can make everyone worse off, including the very class they aim to protect. Compared with the current law, which requires treatment parity, the fair ML algorithms, which require impact parity, limit the benefits of a more accurate algorithm for a firm. As a result, profit maximizing firms could underinvest in learning, that is, improving the accuracy of their machine learning algorithms. We show that the investment in learning decreases when misclassification is costly, which is exactly the case when greater accuracy is otherwise desired. Our paper highlights the importance of considering strategic behavior of stake holders when developing and evaluating fair ML algorithms. Overall, our results indicate that fair ML algorithms that require impact parity, if turned into law, may not be able to deliver some of the anticipated benefits. This paper was accepted by Kartik Hosanagar, information systems.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"671 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122970782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 28

Blockchain in Agriculture 区块链在农业中的应用

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-06-02 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3397786

J. Potts

引用次数: 17

Can Friends Seed More Buzz and Adoption? 朋友能带来更多的关注和接纳吗?

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-05-28 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3938101

Vineet Kumar, K. Sudhir

引用次数: 9

Economic Cross-Efficiency 经济Cross-Efficiency

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-05-27 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3394707

J. Aparicio, J. Zofío

{"title":"Economic Cross-Efficiency","authors":"J. Aparicio, J. Zofío","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3394707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3394707","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is concerned with introducing a series of new concepts under the name of Economic Cross-Efficiency, which is rendered operational through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) techniques. To achieve this goal, from a theoretical perspective, we connect two key topics in the efficiency literature that have been unrelated until now: economic efficiency and cross-efficiency. In particular, it is shown that, under input (output) homotheticity, the traditional bilateral notion of input (output) cross-efficiency for unit l, when the weights of an alternative counterpart k are used in the evaluation, coincides with the well-known Farrell notion of cost (revenue) efficiency for evaluated unit l when the weights of k are used as market prices. This motivates the introduction of the concept of Farrell Cross-Efficiency (FCE) based upon Farrell’s notion of cost efficiency. One advantage of the FCE is that it is well defined under Variable Returns to Scale (VRS), yielding scores between zero and one in a natural way, and thereby improving upon its standard cross-efficiency counterpart. To complete the analysis we extend the FCE to the notion of Nerlovian cross-inefficiency (NCI), based on the dual relationship between profit inefficiency and the directional distance function. Finally, we illustrate the new models with a recently compiled dataset of European warehouses.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122247491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

New Digital Technologies and Heterogeneous Employment and Wage Dynamics in the United States: Evidence from Individual-Level Data 新数字技术与美国异质就业和工资动态:来自个人层面数据的证据

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-05-21 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.3390231

Frank M. Fossen, Alina Sorgner

{"title":"New Digital Technologies and Heterogeneous Employment and Wage Dynamics in the United States: Evidence from Individual-Level Data","authors":"Frank M. Fossen, Alina Sorgner","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3390231","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3390231","url":null,"abstract":"We investigate heterogeneous effects of new digital technologies on the individual-level employment- and wage dynamics in the U.S. labor market in the period from 2011-2018. We employ three measures that reflect different aspects of impacts of new digital technologies on occupations. The first measure, as developed by Frey and Osborne (2017), assesses the computerization risk of occupations, the second measure, developed by Felten et al. (2018), provides an estimate of recent advances in artificial intelligence (AI), and the third measure assesses the suitability of occupations for machine learning (Brynjolfsson et al., 2018), which is a subfield of AI. Our empirical analysis is based on large representative panel data, the matched monthly Current Population Survey (CPS) and its Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC). The results suggest that the effects of new digital technologies on employment stability and wage growth are already observable at the individual level. High computerization risk is associated with a high likelihood of switching one's occupation or becoming non-employed, as well as a decrease in wage growth. However, advances in AI are likely to improve an individual's job stability and wage growth. We further document that the effects are heterogeneous. In particular, individuals with high levels of formal education and older workers are most affected by new digital technologies.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"144 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133870524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 23

Disentangling Global Value Chains 解开全球价值链

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-05-01 DOI: 10.3386/W25868

A. de Gortari

{"title":"Disentangling Global Value Chains","authors":"A. de Gortari","doi":"10.3386/W25868","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W25868","url":null,"abstract":"I present a new global value chain (GVC) framework in which intermediate input suppli- ers produce specialized inputs that are only compatible with specific downstream uses. This feature is confirmed by firm-level data and is at odds with the current GVC approach which assumes that all products within a given industry utilize the same inputs. For example, Mexican firm-level data shows that the manufacturing firms that export to the U.S. utilize relatively more U.S. inputs than those that export to other destinations. I show how the new GVC framework can combine bilateral trade data with firm-level data in order to obtain GVC flows that reflect the heterogeneity in the use of inputs observed in the latter. This reveals that 27% of the $118bn of Mexican final good exports to the U.S. is U.S. value-added returning home. In contrast, the current GVC approach yields a share of only 17% since it ignores the specialized inputs channel. This discrepancy has serious implications for the ongoing renegotiation of NAFTA as it suggests that the potential costs of supply chain disruption are being understated. Lastly, I show how to compute these counterfactuals with an extension of the influential sufficient statistics approach to specialized inputs models and highlight important areas for future data collection.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128378719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 57

Measuring the Unmeasured: Combining Technology and Behavioral Insights to Improve Measurement of Business Outcomes 测量未测量的:结合技术和行为洞察力来改进业务结果的测量

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.1596/1813-9450-8836

Stephen J. Anderson, Christy Lazicky, B. Zia

{"title":"Measuring the Unmeasured: Combining Technology and Behavioral Insights to Improve Measurement of Business Outcomes","authors":"Stephen J. Anderson, Christy Lazicky, B. Zia","doi":"10.1596/1813-9450-8836","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8836","url":null,"abstract":"Business survey outcomes for micro and small firms are notoriously noisy, with multiple sources of measurement and recall error. This paper introduces a new survey methodology that combines automatic consistency checks of electronic data collection with triangulation and dynamic adjustment to arrive at more precise estimates of business performance. The methodology uses insights from behavioral science to lower the cognitive cost of initial recall and establishes salient and relevant anchors to allow for dynamic triangulation and adjustment toward a final estimate. The validity of this method is field tested against traditional performance measures as well as administrative data across three emerging markets: Ghana, Rwanda, and Uganda. The results show significant upward adjustment from traditional measures for both sales and profits, a lower coefficient of variation in the cross-section, and higher autocorrelation in panel data. Comparisons with administrative data further confirm a higher correlation and closer magnitude relative to traditional measures. This research reconciles recommendations for increased attention to survey design with a method to leverage electronic survey technology beyond consistency checks.","PeriodicalId":288317,"journal":{"name":"International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125318459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 8

Blockchain in Startup Financing: ICOs and STOs in Switzerland 创业融资中的区块链:瑞士的ico和sto

International Political Economy: Globalization eJournal Pub Date : 2019-04-30 DOI: 10.33423/jsis.v14i6.2607

Galia Kondova, Geremia Simonella

引用次数: 6