2019 Joint Rail Conference最新文献

{"title":"Big Data Analytics for Proactively Optimizing Rolling Stock Maintenance","authors":"N. Albakay, M. Hempel, H. Sharif","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1253","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1253","url":null,"abstract":"Rolling stock, particularly of freight railroads, is currently maintained using regular preventative and corrective maintenance schedules. This maintenance approach recommends sets of inspections and maintenance procedures based on the average expected wear and tear across their inventory. In practice, however, this approach to scheduling preventative maintenance is not always effective. When scheduled too soon, it results in a loss of operating revenue, whereas when it is scheduled too late, equipment failure could lead to costly and disastrous derailments. Instead, proactive maintenance scheduling based on Big Data Analytics (BDA) could be utilized to replace traditional scheduling, resulting in optimized maintenance cycles for higher train safety, availability, and reliability. BDA could also be used to discover patterns and relationships that lead to train failures, identify manufacturer reliability concerns, and help validate the effectiveness of operational improvements. In this work, we introduce a train inventory simulation platform that enables the modelling of different train components such as wheels, brakes, axles, and bearings. The simulator accounts for the wear and tear in each component and generates a comprehensive data set suitable for BDA that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different BDA approaches in discerning patterns and extracting knowledge from the data. It provides the basis for showing that BDA algorithms such as Random Forest [9] and Linear Regression can be utilized to create models for proactive train maintenance scheduling. We also show the capability of BDA to detect hidden patterns and to predict failure of train components with high accuracy.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"176 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124328023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defect Growth Characterization in Modern Rail Steels","authors":"D. Jeong, P. Woelke, H. F. Nied, J. Dupont, Sena Kizildemir, F. Fletcher, J. Hutchinson","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1265","url":null,"abstract":"The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) has been sponsoring research on rail integrity for several decades. This research has been chiefly managed and conducted by the Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (Volpe). Particular focus has been given in this research to rail head defects, known as detail fractures, since they are the most commonly encountered defect in continuous welded rail track [1]. Testing and analyses have been performed on railroad rails manufactured without head hardening.\u0000 Modern rail, however, are now heat treated during the manufacturing process to harden the rail surface to increase its resistance to wear. As such, the heat treatment and nonuniform cooling induce complex residual stress patterns in the rail that can affect microstructure and fatigue crack growth rate behavior.\u0000 This paper will describe research to examine defect growth behavior of modern rail steels. This research is a collaboration among several organizations: Thornton-Tomasetti, Arcelor-Mittal, Lehigh University, Harvard University, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Fraunhofer Institute, and Volpe. Arcelor Mittal donated rails with different grades of steel: advanced head hardened, head hardened, and standard strength (i.e. non-head-hardened). Lehigh conducted laboratory tests on specimens cut from these rails to perform various tests, which include: hardness measurements, mechanical testing to measure tensile properties, fracture toughness measurements, and fatigue crack growth rate tests. All of these tests were performed in accordance with applicable ASTM International standards. NIST and Fraunhofer performed preliminary neutron diffraction measurements of residual stresses on the different rails.\u0000 Moreover, this paper will present results from the laboratory testing program. Implications of these results on detail fracture growth behavior will also be discussed.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131701488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Rail in Oil and Gas Regions of Texas to Reduce Truck Impacts","authors":"J. Warner, C. Morgan, A. Rutter, Dahye Lee","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1257","url":null,"abstract":"Burgeoning oil and gas production in Texas with the application of hydraulic fracturing (fracking) and horizontal drilling techniques has dramatically impacted the condition of rural roadway infrastructure. Many rural roadways are now inundated with trucks traveling to and from oil and gas well areas. Recent estimates indicate that each horizontal well requires over 2,000 truckloads for construction, drilling operations, maintenance, and crude oil transport over the life of the well. Rail has been an active partner in oil and gas exploration by shuttling fracking sand and drilling supplies to the oil and gas regions and transporting crude and petroleum products from the regions not served by pipelines. This partnership is restricted by limited rail service points and infrastructure close to the active wells; however, expanding existing rail services and network infrastructure could move rail operations closer to the active production areas. The cost and safety impacts of extreme reduction in pavement life may be offset substantially with increased use of rail transport closer to drilling locations.\u0000 This paper examines the potential options regarding expanded use of rail transportation to address the growing costs of roadway rehabilitation in energy production areas in order to reduce roadway network impacts. Rail service expansion can be through better use of the existing freight rail network, increasing the number of and better placement of transloading facilities along the rail network, and/or through improved rail capacity from double tracking or extending new rail lines. Both the private and public sectors potentially could play a role. A number of privately developed transloading facilities have sprung up along existing rail lines, attempting to deliver fracking sand, pipe, and other supplies. Additionally, public economic development corporations have been actively pursuing development. Expansion of the railroad network could come through the use of special districts such as Rural Rail Transportation Districts (RRTDs), Regional Mobility Authorities (RMAs), or through reactivation of abandoned rail lines. These trends are also examined.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129645455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of the Thermal Effects on Engineered Polymer Composite Ties","authors":"Yin Gao, Mike McHenry","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1299","url":null,"abstract":"Engineered polymer composite (EPC) ties offer a potential alternative to solid sawn timber ties. These materials are especially attractive for use in regions where wood is susceptible to degradation by moisture and decay organisms. However, recent research at the Transportation Technology Center’s (TTC) Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST) in Pueblo, CO, found that track supported by EPC ties experienced more gage widening variation due to temperature changes than track supported by wood ties. Specifically, the track gage was about 0.2-in. wider in the afternoon than that in the morning on the EPC tie tracks. It is believed that the direct sunlight in the afternoon makes the top surface of the tie expand more than the other parts of the tie, thereby causing the EPC ties to bend and widen track gage. Another observation related to the EPC thermal bending effect is changes to the ballast support condition. When temperatures are cooler, EPC ties tend to experience a center-bound ballast support condition, therefore generating more bending stress on the ties. This paper presents results from computer simulations of the thermal behavior of EPC ties. Future study will focus on field testing to further understand the thermal effects in support of recommendations on the use of EPC ties.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128877371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Railway Track Maintenance Scheduling to Minimize Circulation Impacts","authors":"P. M. Bueno, P. Vilela, Luciano M. Christofoletti, Anderson P. Vieira","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1298","url":null,"abstract":"1 In this paper we present an optimization based technique to allocate time windows for railroad track maintenance in order to minimize the impact on train circulation. The hypothesis is that it is possible to reduce the impact on train circulation if track maintenance slots are scheduled in naturally occurring gaps on the circulation, instead of just using a decision making process that does not take the train circulation into consideration.\u0000 The proposed solution uses simulated annealing as the basis for the algorithm and yields promising results when a random initial placement of track blocks is used. We show the results of our experiments that consider as restrictions the earliest initial time for the track block and the latest termination time for the track blocks (to account for restriction in crew work hours, for example). For this work we do not restrict the number of simultaneous maintenance teams that could be working, future investigations will account for that restriction.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133653260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Strand Indentation Types on the Development Length and Flexural Capacity of Concrete Railroad Ties Made With Different Prestressing Strands","authors":"A. Momeni, R. Peterman, B. T. Beck, Chih-Hang Wu","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1233","url":null,"abstract":"Pretensioned concrete prisms made with five different prestressing strand types (four 7-wire strands and one 3-wire strand) were load tested to failure to understand the effect of strand indentation types on the development length and bonding performance of these different reinforcements. The prestressing strands were denoted SA, SB, SD, SE and SF. SA was a smooth strand while the other four were indented strands. All strands utilized in manufacturing ofprisms had diameter of 3/8″ (9.52 mm). Among all types of strands, SF was the only 3-wire strand and the remaining strands were all 7-wire strands. For all types of strands, four straight strands were embedded into each concrete prism, which had a 5.5″ (139.7 mm) × 5.5″ (139.7 mm) square cross section. The strands were tensioned to 75 percent of ultimate tensile strength of strands and gradually de-tensioned when the concrete compressive strength reached 4500 psi (31.03 Mpa). A consistent concrete mixture with type III cement, water-cement ratio of 0.32 and a 6-in. slump was used for all prisms.\u0000 Prisms were load tested in 3-point-bending at different embedment lengths to obtain estimations of the development length of each type of strand. Two out of three identical 69-in.-long (175.26 cm) prisms were load tested at one end and one was tested at both ends for each reinforcement type evaluated. First prisms were tested at 28-in. (71.12 cm) from the end, while second prisms were tested at 20-in. (33.02 cm) from the end. Third prisms were loaded at 16.5-in. (41.9 cm) from one end and 13-in. (33.02 cm) from the other end. Thus, a total of 20 load tests (5 strand types × 4 tests each) were conducted in this study.\u0000 During each test, a concentrated load with the rate of 900 lb/min (4003 N/min) was applied at mid-span until failure occurred. Values of load, mid-span deflection, and strand endslip were continuously monitored and recorded during each test. Plots of load-vs-deflection were then compared for prisms with each strand type and span, and the maximum sustained moment was also calculated for each test. The load tests revealed that there is a large difference in the development length of the strands based on their indentation type.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116834798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Modeling of Railway Car Wheel-Forces During Turning","authors":"F. Otremba, J. A. R. Navarrete","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1219","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction of the carried cargo and the carrying vehicle involves many aspects that can affect the transport safety from different perspectives. On the one side, the lateral inertial forces developed by sloshing cargo can affect the lateral stability of the vehicle, while at long term, such dynamic forces can affect the integrity of the infrastructure’s components, which can lead to transport accidents. In this paper, a tilt-table based testing rig is presented to simulate the dynamic response of the vehicle-cargo system to lateral accelerations associated to turning maneuvers. The conceptual design and final construction/instrumentation of the equipment are described. As a first use of the testing rig, a five-parameter two-degree of freedom simplified mechanical model for the liquid cargo – vehicle interaction is calibrated, yielding a high correlation with the experimental data (0.98). The improvement of the theoretical model is further discussed, as the model underestimates the loading cycles to the infrastructure, in 20%.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129017032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High Speed Train Wireless Communication: Handover Performance Analysis for Different Radio Access Technologies","authors":"Subharthi Banerjee, M. Hempel, Pejman Ghasemzadeh, N. Albakay, H. Sharif","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1247","url":null,"abstract":"High Speed Trains (HST) face some of the most stringent requirements for ensuring passenger safety and comfort while operating at very high velocities. HST wireless communication systems therefore similarly require special considerations for network design, technology selection and system implementation.\u0000 For infrastructure-based wireless communications, a handover occurs whenever a radio transitions from the coverage of the current base station to the next base station. The faster the train moves the shorter the time that it spends under coverage area before a handover is required. For HST this can be as short as 10–20 seconds. Furthermore, a HST moving at 220 mph experiences significant fast and small-scale wireless signal fading due to this velocity, but similarly may incur frequent connectivity losses due to the rapid transit across coverage areas. A route consisting of viaducts, bridges, tunnels or hilly regions drastically increases the need for rapid handovers since a large number of base stations are required to provide coverage and achieve acceptable Quality-of-Service (QoS) in such environments. Due to the relatively fixed amount of time needed to complete a handover, and the possibility of failed handovers, this reduces the usable time under coverage, and thus ensuring an optimal handover strategy selection is vital.\u0000 Most of the routes span rural and suburban areas, which reinforces the need for a comprehensive network planning strategy, as these areas tend to be underdeveloped for cellular coverage. Given the complexity in available radio spectrum resources, detailed studies are required to aid in this technology selection process. However, with the predicted increase in the demand of railroad network data traffic generated by onboard sensors, onboard control and operation devices, passenger Internet services, etc., it becomes apparent that more resources are needed than are provided by current technologies such as LTE. Thus, including 5G New Radio for Railways (5G-NR2) in the consideration does not only provide railways a more cost-effective licensing option for frequencies, but also an opportunity to select the best possible radio access method for a given HST corridor.\u0000 In this paper, we focus on the metrics related to handover and how they correlate with different radio access technologies for HST. Our results integrate the uncertainty of environmental factors to provide answers on technology selection driven by specific route, inter-site distances, and available bandwidth. Our wireless communication simulation results are driven by well recognized mathematical models that consider a variety of key parameters. The analysis of the handover performance will offer insights vital to future railroad network planning for multivariate radio access technologies, and to answer crucial questions about the potential for using frequency bands above 6 GHz in HST.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121900029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Running Safety of Railway Tank Car Based on the Experimental Identification Model","authors":"Zhang Jimin, Ren Qiao","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1239","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1239","url":null,"abstract":"In the present work, we will discuss the vibration spectrum impact of water and sand inside a railway container. To do so, a scaled model of a container car was driven on tracks with three accelerometers on its side to record the container response. The experiment was conducted with three different water fill levels and two sand masses. As the data given by the accelerometers was recorded in an ambient vibration environment, the random decremental technique was used to determine the system’s free vibration response. Then the wavelet transform was applied in order to obtain the modal parameters of the structure. The results were then compared to draw conclusions on the effect of water and sand on the tank.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123737609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Estimation of Rail Vertical Profile Using an H-Infinity Based Optimization With Learning","authors":"Xiao Liang, Minghui Zheng","doi":"10.1115/JRC2019-1266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/JRC2019-1266","url":null,"abstract":"Railway track vertical alignment is an important indicator of serviceability condition and thus plays a critical role for maintenance planning. Estimating the rail profile through the vertical acceleration readings provides an efficient alternative to the current practice of optical methods using special vehicles. This paper proposes an algorithm to estimate the rail vertical profile using the vertical acceleration of the vehicle resulting from the train-track dynamic interaction. The algorithm is designed to approximate the inverse of the transfer function from the rail vertical roughness to the train’s measured acceleration. The approximation problem is formulated into an H-infinity optimal control design problem, which can be further transferred into a problem of convex optimization. The proposed algorithm possesses several advantages including easy design, little tuning effort, and low computational cost. In addition, to take into account the model uncertainty, an optimization-based learning framework is proposed to further enhance the performance of the proposed algorithm. The numerical study has been conducted comprehensively to validate the observer’s properties and effectiveness in reconstructing of the rail vertical roughness.","PeriodicalId":287025,"journal":{"name":"2019 Joint Rail Conference","volume":"38 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125782102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}