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The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics最新文献

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Adjective Meaning and Scales 形容词的意义和尺度
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.27
S. Solt
{"title":"Adjective Meaning and Scales","authors":"S. Solt","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.27","url":null,"abstract":"The topics of adjective meaning and scalarity offer a prime example of the benefits of experimental research in formal semantics. This chapter presents a series of case studies illustrating how experimental approaches have been productively applied at various stages in the process of developing and evaluating theories of scalar meaning: (i) to support introspectively sourced judgements on which formal theories are based; (ii) to generate theoretically relevant data beyond that which is accessible to introspection and intuition; and (iii) to map out the empirical landscape, as a step towards formulating research questions and hypotheses. The article ends with a discussion of methodological issues, with a view to developing a body of best practices for experimental research in this area.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128783567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Turn-Taking 的时间
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.7
J. D. de Ruiter
{"title":"Turn-Taking","authors":"J. D. de Ruiter","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.7","url":null,"abstract":"In their informal verbal exchanges people tend to follow the ‘one speaker at the time’ rule posited by Emanuel Schegloff. The use of the term ‘turn-taking’ to describe the process in which this rule operates in human conversation is relatively recent. Especially since the famous 1974 paper by Harvey Sacks, Emanuel Schegloff, & Gail Jefferson in the journal Language, which marks the birth of the sociological discipline now called Conversation Analysis (CA), turn-taking in conversation has attracted attention from a variety of disciplines. This chapter briefly summarizes the main theoretical approaches and controversies regarding turn-taking, followed by some reflections on different ways it can be studied experimentally.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130965121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Constraint-Based Pragmatic Processing 基于约束的语用处理
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.8
Judith Degen, M. Tanenhaus
{"title":"Constraint-Based Pragmatic Processing","authors":"Judith Degen, M. Tanenhaus","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.8","url":null,"abstract":"Processing language requires integrating information from multiple sources, including context, world knowledge, and the linguistic signal itself. How is this information integrated? A range of positions on the issue is possible, spanned by two extreme positions: extreme informational privilege—certain types of information are processed earlier in online processing and weighted most heavily in the resulting utterance interpretation; and extreme parallelism—all information is processed in parallel and weighted equally in the resulting interpretation. In reviewing the current empirical landscape on scalar implicature processing, the chapter argues for a constraint-based approach to pragmatic processing, which is closer in spirit to the parallelism account than the informational privilege account. The approach is also extended to other pragmatic phenomena.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114716424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 22
Presuppositions, Projection, and Accommodation 预设、投射与迁就
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.26
F. Schwarz
{"title":"Presuppositions, Projection, and Accommodation","authors":"F. Schwarz","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.26","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews experimental work on presupposition, both in terms of methodological developments and the theoretical implications of experimental results. Presuppositions convey information that is typically assumed to already be taken for granted by the discourse participants. Furthermore, they are characteristically unaffected by a variety of linguistic embedding environments, such as negation, conditionals, and questions. After providing a brief background on the topic, and introducing key issues from the current literature, experimental approaches to investigating presuppositions are discussed, covering both unembedded and embedded environments, as well as the relation of presuppositions to the discourse context. The final section concludes and provides an outlook on future directions for the field.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129572758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Reference and Informativeness 参考与信息性
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.6
C. Davies, Jennifer E. Arnold
{"title":"Reference and Informativeness","authors":"C. Davies, Jennifer E. Arnold","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.6","url":null,"abstract":"How do speakers get other people to understand what they are talking about? Language wouldn’t succeed unless we were able to refer to ideas and things in the world, and get other people to understand them. Yet this human ability is complex, not least because it requires speakers and addressees to pay attention to context. This chapter reviews research on reference and informativeness in communication. It outlines the problem of referential choice, that is, how speakers select from the variety of expressions available to them. It then compares findings from two previously distinct literatures—pragmatic informativeness and discourse-based models of reference—and discusses how each has investigated (i) speakers’ choice of referring expressions; and (ii) how speakers’ choices affect addressees. It also examines processing, by reviewing the constraints affecting referential choice, both those associated with interlocutors themselves and those stemming from the referents under discussion. It concludes by raising some of the outstanding questions in linguistic reference.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121212737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Prosody and Meaning 韵律和意义
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.30
Judith Tonhauser
{"title":"Prosody and Meaning","authors":"Judith Tonhauser","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.30","url":null,"abstract":"The prosody of an utterance plays a significant role in determining the meaning of the utterance. Studying the contributions of prosody to meaning is complicated by several factors: (i) prosody has multiple components in the speech signal, some with continuous expression, (ii) utterances with the same meaning can differ in their prosodic realizations, and (iii) there is cross-linguistic prosodic variation. Concentrating on information-structural focus, this chapter illustrates how experimental investigations advance our understanding of the intricate relationship between prosody and meaning. The chapter discusses how focus is prosodically realized in different languages, how listeners perceive and interpret prosodically realized focus and how prosodically realized focus interacts with contextual information about focus. Different methods used to explore prosodically realized focus and its perception and interpretation are covered. The chapter concludes by considering research on the prosody of semantic/pragmatic phenomena related to focus, such as contrastive topic and presupposition.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"337 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133016072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Distributivity 分配性
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.14
Kristen Syrett
{"title":"Distributivity","authors":"Kristen Syrett","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.14","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the related topics of distributivity, collectivity, and cumulativity. Evidence is reviewed for the availability of multiple readings of ambiguous sentences that support distributive and collective interpretations, and the constrained interpretation of sentences arising from the lexical semantics of a universal quantifier, a predicate (adjective), an adverbial modifier, a determiner, or quantification scope. Off-line tasks with child and adult participants reveal a developmental comparison in the availability of these readings and the predication of individuals and groups of individuals, while on-line processing tasks with adults provide fine-grained behavioural evidence for the role of lexical and structural factors in facilitating or suppressing such readings.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123434493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Modified Numerals 修改后的数字
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.15
R. Nouwen, S. Alexandropoulou, Yaron McNabb
{"title":"Modified Numerals","authors":"R. Nouwen, S. Alexandropoulou, Yaron McNabb","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.15","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter discusses the use of experimental methods for probing the semantics and pragmatics of numeral modification. Modified numerals, like ‘at least 3’ or ‘more than 2’, are interesting from a theoretical point of view because they give rise to a range of implicature-like inferences depending on the form of the modifier and the immediate linguistic context. The chapter discusses both studies that aim to counter or support existing theoretical proposals in the literature and studies that bring in entirely new theoretical issues. It also reflects on methodological issues in this area.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132791020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Metonymy 转喻
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.25
P. Schumacher
{"title":"Metonymy","authors":"P. Schumacher","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.25","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter addresses metonymy, an operation that is used to refer to an entity by means of an expression that has a particular semantic or conceptual relation to that entity (e.g. ‘the ham sandwich’ referring to a customer at a restaurant or ‘the wooden turtle’ referring to an object on a shelf). It discusses different types and communicative functions of metonymy and delineates it from other referential ambiguities such as homonymy and polysemy. The chapter reviews experimental evidence from real-time processing, acquisition, and language disorder and illustrates that discrete cognitive processes are involved in the constitution of extended meanings. It presents a classification of referential ambiguities based on neurocognitive profiles and suggests that the different types of ambiguities may be linked to the diachronic development of meaning alternations.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129546305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Ironic Utterances 具有讽刺意味的话语
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.16
N. Spotorno, I. Noveck
{"title":"Ironic Utterances","authors":"N. Spotorno, I. Noveck","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.16","url":null,"abstract":"Irony is a compelling pragmatic phenomenon to investigate experimentally because a) it clearly exposes how an utterance’s meaning can change as a function of context; b) it invites investigations of the cognitive functions that go beyond mere linguistic decoding and, specifically; c) it allows one to have a clearer understanding of the role played by attitude ascription, which we show is central. This chapter will review how attitude ascription became a central topic in the theoretical debate on irony in the 1980s, how it almost disappeared from the experimental literature for about twenty years and how it deserves a place both as a hallmark of irony processing and as a hallway that connects various subfields of cognitive science, including neuroscience.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126580671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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