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The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics最新文献

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Scalar Implicatures 标量含义
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.4
R. Breheny
{"title":"Scalar Implicatures","authors":"R. Breheny","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.4","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews recent experimental research into questions about how language and other functions of the mind are integrated when humans communicate. It posits a Gricean system that serves this purpose and discusses how recent developmental and ethological research provides evidence for such a system’s existence. Subsequently it focuses on the much-studied phenomenon of scalar implicature. It first considers the phenomenon of scalar implicature in the broader context of pragmatic effects. A short review of theoretical debates as to the status of various sub-types of scalar phenomenon is followed by sections that discuss experimental research relevant to different interfaces in the Gricean system when it comes to scalars.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"126 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116090024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 14
Plurality 多数
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.22
Lyn Tieu, Jacopo Romoli
{"title":"Plurality","authors":"Lyn Tieu, Jacopo Romoli","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.22","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter presents an overview of recent experimental work investigating the semantics and pragmatics of plurality. The studies discussed examine the ‘more than one’ meaning that is seemingly contributed by plural morphology, referred to in the literature as a plurality inference or a multiplicity inference. Theoretical treatments of the multiplicity inference involve deriving the ‘more than one’ meaning as a kind of implicature, or treating it as one of the possible meanings of an ambiguous plural. Recent findings from experiments conducted with adults and children reveal that the plural meaning is sensitive to polarity, context-dependent, suspendable under certain conditions, and computed by preschool-aged children on a par with standard implicatures. The chapter discusses how these experimental findings align with the two main theoretical approaches, and suggests directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127741148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Quantification 量化
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.3
Adrian Brasoveanu, J. Dotlacil
{"title":"Quantification","authors":"Adrian Brasoveanu, J. Dotlacil","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.3","url":null,"abstract":"Quantification is abundant in natural language and is one of the most studied topics in generative grammar. Sentences with multiple quantifiers are famously ambiguous with respect to their quantifier scope, representing a type of ambiguity related to, but not necessary the same as, structural ambiguity. Two key questions in the psycholinguistic study of quantification are: (i) how does the human processor assign quantifier scope? and (ii) how and under what circumstances is this scope assignment reanalysed? The investigation of these questions lies at the intersection of psycholinguistics and theoretical linguistics. The chapter summarizes both strands of research, and discusses experimental data that played an essential role in the (psycho)linguistic theorizing about the topic of processing quantification and quantifier scope.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124634101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Antecedent-Contained Deletion Antecedent-Contained删除
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.34
Kristen Syrett
{"title":"Antecedent-Contained Deletion","authors":"Kristen Syrett","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.34","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.34","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter introduces the linguistic phenomenon of Antecedent-Contained Deletion (ACD): a type of construction in which a site of Verb Phrase Ellipsis (VPE) is contained in the antecedent from which it derives its interpretation. The chapter reviews theoretical approaches to resolving interpretation in ACD structures (drawing primarily on the covert movement operation of Quantifier Raising (QR)), and the accessibility of one or more sentential interpretations when the site of ellipsis is embedded in non-finite and finite clauses. Behavioural responses from offline judgement studies with children and adults, as well as online studies with adults, provide data bearing directly on these theoretical accounts.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134220776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Politeness 礼貌
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.32
T. Holtgraves
{"title":"Politeness","authors":"T. Holtgraves","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.32","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.32","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter reviews the major experimental approaches to politeness and considers the theoretical implications of these approaches for the domains of semantics and pragmatics. After a brief overview of the major theoretical orientations to politeness, a detailed review of empirical research on Brown & Levinson’s (B&L) politeness theory, as well as the issues raised by this research, is provided. Major critiques of the B&L model, and alternative situated and interactional models, are then noted. The implications of politeness for more recent research examining the role of politeness in reasoning and the communication of uncertainty is considered, followed by a review of the cognitive and neural processes involved in the processing of politeness.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126478842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Spatial Terms 空间方面
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.18
Myrto Grigoroglou, A. Papafragou
{"title":"Spatial Terms","authors":"Myrto Grigoroglou, A. Papafragou","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.18","url":null,"abstract":"Across the world’s languages, spatial terms are organized around a set of basic, non-linguistic spatial notions. Nevertheless, there is also considerable cross-linguistic variation in terms of both the kinds of linguistic devices used to express spatial relations and the way these devices carve up the semantic domain of space. This chapter reviews literature on spatial terms cross-linguistically, focusing on three main sub-divisions of the spatial domain: location (i.e. the static position of an object in space); motion (i.e. the dynamic displacement of an object in space); and Frames of Reference (FoR; i.e. abstract spatial-coordinate axes imposed on spatial configurations). The intricate relation between spatial language and non-linguistic spatial cognition is discussed throughout the chapter.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125797257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Quantifier Spreading 量词蔓延
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.5
P. J. Brooks, O. Parshina
{"title":"Quantifier Spreading","authors":"P. J. Brooks, O. Parshina","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.5","url":null,"abstract":"Children often exhibit difficulties restricting the scope of a universal quantifier in contexts where sets of entities are in partial one-to-one correspondence (e.g. children incorrectly answer the question Are all the cars in a garage? in a situation where there is an extra empty garage). Quantifier spreading occurs across truth-value judgement, picture-choice, sentence-picture verification, and syllogistic reasoning tasks. Errors have been attributed to immature syntax, lack of exposure to relevant input, shallow sentence processing, and pragmatic factors, including infelicitous testing conditions. Errors persist in school-age children and occur in second language learners, deaf individuals, and adults with low educational attainment. Eye-tracking studies have identified a signature pattern of visual attention associated with quantifier spreading, which suggests that errors may reflect cognitive overload in sentence processing.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130545393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Pronouns 代词
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.21
H. Rohde
{"title":"Pronouns","authors":"H. Rohde","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.21","url":null,"abstract":"When do speakers produce ambiguous expressions? How do comprehenders interpret such expressions to infer a speaker’s intended meaning? This chapter reviews a body of work on pronoun production and interpretation, considering a number of computational, linguistic, and psycholinguistic frameworks and the factors that have been posited to drive pronoun use. These factors include surface structural elements (grammatical role, syntactic parallelism), information structural cues (topichood), lexical semantics and real-world knowledge (thematic roles, causality), as well as aspects of the larger discourse (recency, rhetorical structure, coherence relations). The chapter then turns to a more general model of message production and interpretation that incorporates elements of existing pronoun models using a Bayesian approach.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"37 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114382522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Exhaustivity in It-Clefts 它的穷竭性——裂缝
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.17
Edgar Onea
{"title":"Exhaustivity in It-Clefts","authors":"Edgar Onea","doi":"10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/OXFORDHB/9780198791768.013.17","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter provides an overview of the most important theoretical positions on the exhaustivity inference often associated with it-clefts in English and comparable structures in other languages alongside with a brief review of the results of a number of experimental studies. There is a surprising discrepancy between the predictions of the theoretical analyses and the empirical findings. While theoretical approaches tend to derive exhaustivity as a necessary semantic inference, most experimental studies suggest that the exhaustivity of it-clefts might be a pragmatic inference. The chapter discusses this discrepancy in some detail and suggests some potential solutions.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133694181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 4
Verbal Uncertainty 语言的不确定性
The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics Pub Date : 2019-03-19 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.2
Marie Juanchich, M. Sirota, Jean‐François Bonnefon
{"title":"Verbal Uncertainty","authors":"Marie Juanchich, M. Sirota, Jean‐François Bonnefon","doi":"10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198791768.013.2","url":null,"abstract":"When communicating uncertain facts, about risky outcomes or about the likelihood of future prospects, one may use numerical probabilities (e.g. there is a 20% probability) or verbal probabilities (e.g. there is a small chance). The present chapter provides an overview of the research into verbal probabilities; a survey of the methods used to tackle the meaning of verbal probabilities and unveil their usage; and an overview of the key findings in the field, including how people interpret the degree of certainty conveyed by verbal probabilities, the factors that affect this interpretation, how verbal probabilities are directional and can be used to frame uncertainty and the way speakers use verbal probabilities to make predictions.","PeriodicalId":286623,"journal":{"name":"The Oxford Handbook of Experimental Semantics and Pragmatics","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124766113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
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